摘要：2014年通過田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn)，比較了不同生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)烤煙青枯病、煙葉產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量的影響。結(jié)果表明，在煙葉生長(zhǎng)前期雨水偏多的湖北宣恩地區(qū)，在“三先”時(shí)施入15 000 kg/hm2煙稈生物質(zhì)炭或稻殼生物質(zhì)炭都可以促進(jìn)煙葉前期的生長(zhǎng)，對(duì)青枯病都有一定的防治效果，移栽后63 d的防治效果分別為49.93%和60.03%；進(jìn)入成熟期稻殼生物質(zhì)炭的防治效果為31.92%，而煙稈生物質(zhì)炭的發(fā)病率比對(duì)照提高了18.18%。施用煙稈生物質(zhì)炭的烤煙產(chǎn)量下降了4.48%，產(chǎn)值下降了8.83%，中上等煙比例增加了20.66個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；施用稻殼生物質(zhì)炭的烤煙產(chǎn)量下降了29.21%，產(chǎn)值下降了26.78%，中上等煙比例增加了8.16個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。因此，每公頃施用15 000 kg稻殼生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)烤煙青枯病有明顯的防治效果，但降低了煙葉產(chǎn)量；而施用煙稈生物質(zhì)炭會(huì)加重青枯病發(fā)病情況，對(duì)煙葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀影響較小。
　　關(guān)鍵詞：生物質(zhì)炭；烤煙青枯病；烤煙；經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
　　中圖分類號(hào)：S435.72；S572 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A 文章編號(hào)：0439-8114（2016）10-2492-04
　　DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2016.10.012
　　Abstract： Field experiment was carried out to compare effects of applying different biochar on tobacco growth， yield， configuration and bacterial wilt in Xuan’en， Hubei in 2014. Results showed that applying biochar could promote tobacco growth and suppress bacterial wilt during resetting and fast-growing stage. The control efficacy was 49.93% and 60.03% in treatment 1 and treatment 2 at 63 days after transplanting， the control efficacy in treatment 2 decreased to 31.92% and the incidence rate in treatment 1 was higher than the control by 18.18% at 90 days after transplanting. The yield and economic value in treatment 2 was decreased by 4.48% and 8.83%， and the rate of high middle class leaf increased by 20.66 percentage points. The yield and economic value in treatment 1 was decreased by 29.21% and 26.78%， and the rate of high middle class leaf was increased by 8.16 percentage points. Applying 15 000 kg/hm2 rice husk-biochar could suppress bacterial wilt and decrease tobacco yield. Applying tobacco stem-biochar had no significant effect on economic benefits and increased the incidence rate.
　　Key words： biochar； tobacco bacterial wilt； flue-cured tobacco； economic benefits
　　研究表明，利用秸稈等農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物在厭氧條件下制備的生物質(zhì)炭，在固碳減排、供肥增產(chǎn)、改良土壤酸性等方面已經(jīng)發(fā)揮了重要的作用[1，2]。隨著研究的深入，生物質(zhì)炭開始應(yīng)用于烤煙生產(chǎn)[3-5]，其在修復(fù)植煙土壤、促進(jìn)烤煙生長(zhǎng)方面的作用也得到了探索。本研究以煙稈和稻殼為原料制備生物質(zhì)炭，從煙葉田間長(zhǎng)勢(shì)、青枯病發(fā)病情況和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)3個(gè)方面，分析了這兩種生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)烤煙生長(zhǎng)的影響。
　　1 材料與方法
　　1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
　　試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)設(shè)在湖北省恩施州宣恩縣曉關(guān)鄉(xiāng)大巖壩村，土壤為黃棕壤（堿解氮139.01 mg/kg、有效磷22.06 mg/kg、速效鉀265.51 mg/kg、有機(jī)質(zhì)32.94 g/kg、pH 5.75），年均氣溫13.7 ℃，無霜期263 d，年降水量1 635.3 mm，年日照時(shí)數(shù)1 212.4 h，海拔高度1 130 m，試驗(yàn)田較為平坦，水源方便，適合烤煙種植。
　　施用設(shè)置：對(duì)照，施用復(fù)合肥600 kg/hm2+硝酸鉀300 kg/hm2；處理1，對(duì)照+15 000 kg/hm2煙稈生物質(zhì)炭；處理2，對(duì)照+15 000 kg/hm2稻殼生物質(zhì)炭。
　　在煙葉“三先”時(shí)，把肥料和生物質(zhì)炭均勻撒施于田間，然后整地起壟。
　　供試品種為云煙87，采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì)，3次重復(fù)，每小區(qū)長(zhǎng)22.6 m，寬14.4 m，每個(gè)小區(qū)種植烤煙33株，田間的種植管理按照當(dāng)?shù)厣�產(chǎn)方式進(jìn)行。
　　1.2 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及數(shù)據(jù)分析
　　在團(tuán)棵期和旺長(zhǎng)期隨機(jī)選取5株測(cè)量主要農(nóng)藝性狀；移栽后40～90 d，每10～15 d調(diào)查一次青枯病發(fā)病情況；采收時(shí)小區(qū)單收，分開掛竿烘烤，分級(jí)計(jì)產(chǎn)，測(cè)定煙葉的產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值等經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)。

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