Contract Law of the People"s Republic of China 中華人民共和國(guó)合同法

　(Adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People"s Congress on March 15, 1999 and promulgated by Order No. 15 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on March 15, 1999) 《中華人民共和國(guó)合同法》已由中華人民共和國(guó)第九屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第二次會(huì)議于 1999 年 3 月 15 日通過(guò)，現(xiàn)予公布，自 1999 年 10 月 1 日起施行。

　Contents General Provisions 總則 Chapter I Common Provisions 第一章 一般規(guī)定 Chapter II Making of the Contract 第二章 合同的訂立 Chapter III Validity of the Contract 第三章 合同的效力 Chapter IV Fulfillment of the Contract 第四章 合同的履行 Chapter V Modification and Transfer of the Contract 第五章 合同的變更和轉(zhuǎn)讓 Chapter VI Termination of Rights and Obligations under the Contract 第六章 合同的權(quán)利義務(wù)終止

　Chapter VII Liability for Breach of Contract 第七章 違約責(zé)任 Chapter VIII Miscellaneous Provisions Specific Provisions 第八章 其他規(guī)定 Chapter IX Purchase and Sale Contracts 第九章 買賣合同 Chapter X Contracts for the Supply and Consumption of Electricity, Water, Gas or Heat 第十章 供用電、水、氣、熱力合同 Chapter XI Donation Contracts 第十一章 贈(zèng)與合同 Chapter XII Loan Contracts 第十二章 借款合同 Chapter XIII Lease Contracts 第十三章 租賃合同 Chapter XIV Contracts for Financial Lease 第十四章 融資租賃合同 Chapter XV Work Contracts 第十五章 承攬合同 Chapter XVI Construction Project Contracts 第十六章 建設(shè)工程合同 Chapter XVII Carriage Contracts 第十七章 運(yùn)輸合同 Chapter XVIII Technology Contracts 第十八章 技術(shù)合同 Chapter XIX Contracts of Deposit 第十九章 保管合同 Chapter XX Warehousing Contracts 第二十章 倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)合同 Chapter XXI Entrustment Contracts 第二十一章 委托合同

　Chapter XXII Brokerage Contracts 第二十二章 行紀(jì)合同 Chapter XXIII Intermediation Contracts 第二十三章 居間合同 Supplementary Provisions 附則 General Provisions 總則 Chapter I Common Provisions 第一章一般規(guī)定 Article 1 This Law is enacted for the purpose of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the socio-economic order and promoting the socialist modernization. 第一條為了保護(hù)合同當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益，維護(hù)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化 建 設(shè) ， 制 定 本 法 。

　Article 2 For the purpose of this Law, a contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of a civil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations as subjects with equal status. 第二條本法所稱合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止 民 事 權(quán) 利 義 務(wù) 關(guān) 系 的 協(xié) 議 。

　Agreements on establishing such personal relationships as marriage, adoption and guardianship shall be governed by the provisions of other laws. 婚 姻 、 收 養(yǎng) 、 監(jiān) 護(hù) 等 有 關(guān) 身 份 關(guān) 系 的 協(xié) 議 ， 適 用 其 他 法 律 的 規(guī) 定 。

　Article 3 The parties to the contract have equal legal status, and neither party may impose its will on the other. 第三條合同當(dāng)事人的法律地位平等，一方不得將自己的意志強(qiáng)加給另一方。

　Article 4 The parties shall, pursuant to law, have the right to enter into a contract on their own free will, and no unit or person may unlawfully interfere. 第四條當(dāng)事人依法享有自愿訂立合同的權(quán)利，任何單位和個(gè)人不得非法干預(yù)。

　Article 5 The parties shall observe the principle of equity in defining each other"s rights and obligations. 第 五 條 當(dāng) 事 人 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 遵 循 公 平 原 則 確 定 各 方 的 權(quán) 利 和 義 務(wù) 。

　Article 6 The parties shall observe the principle of good faith in exercising their rights

　and fulfilling their obligations. 第 六 條 當(dāng) 事 人 行 使 權(quán) 利 、 履 行 義 務(wù) 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 遵 循 誠(chéng) 實(shí) 信 用 原 則 。

　Article 7 The parties shall, in making and fulfilling the contract, abide by laws and administrative regulations and respect social ethics, and may not disrupt the socio-economic order nor impair social and public interests. 第七條當(dāng)事人訂立、履行合同，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，尊重社會(huì)公德，不得擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，損害社會(huì)公共利益 Article 8 A legally executed contract has legal binding force on the parties. The parties shall fulfill their obligations as contracted, and may not arbitrarily modify or terminate the contract. 第八條依法成立的合同，對(duì)當(dāng)事人具有法律約束力。當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定履行自己 的 義 務(wù) ， 不 得 擅 自 變 更 或 者 解 除 合 同 。

　A legally executed contract is protected by law. 依 法 成 立 的 合 同 ， 受 法 律 保 護(hù) 。

　Chapter II Making of the Contract 第 二 章

　合 同 的 訂 立 Article 9 The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct. 第九條當(dāng)事人訂立合同，應(yīng)當(dāng)具有相應(yīng)的民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力。

　A party may, in accordance with the law, entrust an agent to make a contract. 當(dāng) 事 人 依 法 可 以 委 托 代 理 人 訂 立 合 同 。

　Article 10 The parties may, when making a contract, use written form, verbal form or any other form.第十條當(dāng)事人訂立合同，有書(shū)面形式、口頭形式和其他形式。

　The written form shall be adopted if laws or administrative regulations so require. The written form shall be adopted if the parties so agree. 法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定采用書(shū)面形式的，應(yīng)當(dāng)采用書(shū)面形式。當(dāng)事人約定采用書(shū)面形 式 的 ， 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 采 用 書(shū) 面 形 式 。

　Article 11 "Written form" as used herein means any form which renders the information contained in a contract capable of being reproduced in tangible form such as a written agreement, a letter, or electronic text (including telegram, telex, facsimile,

　electronic data interchange and e-mail). 第十一條書(shū)面形式是指合同書(shū)、信件和數(shù)據(jù)電文（包括電報(bào)、電傳、傳真、電子數(shù) 據(jù) 交 換 和 電 子 郵 件 ）

　等 可 以 有 形 地 表 現(xiàn) 所 載 內(nèi) 容 的 形 式 。

　Article 12 The content of a contract is determined by the parties and generally includes the following clauses: 第 十 二 條 合 同 的 內(nèi) 容 由 當(dāng) 事 人 約 定 ， 一 般 包 括 以 下 條 款 ：

　(1) designations or names and addresses of the parties; （ 一 ）

　當(dāng) 事 人 的 名 稱 或 者 姓 名 和 住 所 ； (2) the targeted matter; （ 二 ）

　標(biāo) 的 ； (3) quantity; （ 三 ）

　數(shù) 量 ； (4) quality; （ 四 ）

　質(zhì) 量 ； (5) price or remuneration; （五）價(jià)款或報(bào)酬； (6) time, place and mode of fulfillment; （六）履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式 (7) liability for breach of contract;

�。ㄆ撸┻`約責(zé)任； (8) dispute settlement. （ 八 ）

　解 決 爭(zhēng) 議 的 方 法 。

　The parties may make contracts with reference to various model contract forms. 當(dāng) 事 人 可 以 參 照 各 類 合 同 的 示 范 文 本 訂 立 合 同 。

　Article 13 The parties shall, in making a contract, take the form of offer and acceptance. 第 十 三 條 當(dāng) 事 人 訂 立 合 同 ， 采 取 要 約 、 承 諾 方 式 。

　Article 14 An "offer" is an intent indication showing the desire to enter into a contract with others, and the intent indication shall conform to the following provisions:

　第十四條 要約是希望和他人訂立合同的意思表示，該意思表示應(yīng)當(dāng)符合下列規(guī)定：

　(1)the content indicated shall be concrete and definite; （一）內(nèi)容具體明確； (2) the offeror shall, as is indicated, be bound by the intent indication upon its acceptance by an offeree. （二）表明經(jīng)受要約人承諾，要約人即受該意思表示約束。

　Article 15 An invitation for offer is an intent indication showing the desire to receive offers from others. Mailed or delivered price catalogs, auction announcements, invitations for bid, capital-raising prospectus and commercial advertisements are such invitations for offer. 第十五條 要約邀請(qǐng)是希望他人向自己發(fā)出要約的意思表示。寄送的價(jià)目表、拍賣公告、招標(biāo)公告、招股說(shuō)明書(shū)、商業(yè)廣告等為要約邀請(qǐng)。

　A commercial advertisement shall, if its content conforms to the provisions regarding offers, be deemed an offer. 商業(yè)廣告的內(nèi)容符合要約規(guī)定的，視為要約。

　Article 16 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. 第十六條 要約到達(dá)受要約人時(shí)生效。

　If a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data and the receiver has designated a special receiving system to receive such data text, the time at which the text in electronic data enters the designated special system shall be the time of arrival; if no special receiving system is designated, the time at which the text in electronic data first enters any of the receiver"s systems shall be the time of arrival. 采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式訂立合同，收件人指定特定系統(tǒng)接收數(shù)據(jù)電文的，該數(shù)據(jù)電文進(jìn)入該特定系統(tǒng)的時(shí)間，視為到達(dá)時(shí)間；未指定特定系統(tǒng)的，該數(shù)據(jù)電文進(jìn)入收件人的任何系統(tǒng)的首次時(shí)間，視為到達(dá)時(shí)間。

　Article 17 An offer may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice of an offer shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the arrival of the offer at the offeree.

　第十七條 要約可以撤回。撤回要約的通知應(yīng)當(dāng)在要約到達(dá)受要約人之前或者與要約同時(shí)到達(dá)受要約人。

　Article 18 An offer may be revoked. The revocation notice of an offer shall reach the offeree before the dispatch of an acceptance notice by the offeree. 第十八條 要約可以撤銷。撤銷要約的通知應(yīng)當(dāng)在受要約人發(fā)出承諾通知之前到達(dá) 受 要 約 人 。

　Article 19 An offer may not be revoked under any of the following conditions: 第十九條 有下列情形之一的，要約不得撤銷：

　(1)the offeror has specified a time limit for the acceptance, or has explicitly indicated in any other manner the irrevocability of the offer; （一）要約人確定了承諾期限或者以其他形式明示要約不可撤銷； (2) there are grounds for the offeree to maintain the irrevocability of the offer and the offeree has made preparations for the fulfillment of the contract. （二）受要約人有理由認(rèn)為要約是不可撤銷的，并已經(jīng)為發(fā)行合同作了準(zhǔn)備工作 。

　Article 20 An offer loses its effect under any of the following conditions: 第二十條 有下列情形之一的，要約失效：

　(1) a rejection notice of the offer has reached the offeror; （一）拒絕要約的通知到達(dá)受要約人； (2) the offeror has revoked the offer pursuant to law; （二）要約人依法撤銷要約； (3) when the fixed time limit for acceptance expires, the offeree undertakes no acceptance;

　（三）承諾期限屆滿，受要約人未作出承諾； (4) the offeree makes a substantial change of the content of the offer. （ 四 ）

　受 要 約 人 對(duì) 要 約 的 內(nèi) 容 作 出 實(shí) 質(zhì) 性 變 更 。

　Article 21 An acceptance is an assent indication of the offeree to an offer. 第二十一條 承諾是受要約人同意要約的意思表示。

　Article 22 An acceptance shall be made in form of a notice, unless, in light of trade practices or as indicated by the offer, the offeree may indicate the assent by performing an act. 第二十二條 承諾應(yīng)當(dāng)以通知的方式作出，但根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣或者概要約表明可以通 過(guò) 行 為 作 出 承 諾 的 除 外 。

　Article 23 An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limit fixed by the offer. 第 二 十 三 條 承 諾 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 在 要 約 確 定 的 期 限 內(nèi) 到 達(dá) 要 約 人 。

　If no time limit is fixed by the offer, the acceptance shall reach the offeror in accordance with the following provisions: 要約沒(méi)有確定承諾期限的，承諾應(yīng)當(dāng)依照下列規(guī)定到達(dá)：

　(1) if an offer is made orally, acceptance shall be made promptly unless the parties stipulate otherwise;

�。ㄒ唬┮�約以對(duì)話方式作出的，應(yīng)當(dāng)即時(shí)作出承諾，但當(dāng)事人別有約定的除外； (2) if an offer is not made orally, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable period of time. （ 二 ）

　要 約 以 非 對(duì) 話 方 式 作 出 的 ， 承 諾 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 在 合 理 期 限 內(nèi) 到 達(dá) 。

　Article 24 If an offer is made through a letter or a telegram, the time limit for acceptance commences on the date shown on the letter or on the date the telegram is handed in for dispatch or, if no such date is shown on the letter, from the date shown by the postmark of the letter. If an offer is made by means of instantaneous communications such as telephone or facsimile, the time limit for acceptance commences at the moment that the offer reaches the offeree. 第二十四條 要約以信件或者電報(bào)作出的，承諾期限自信件載明的日期或者電報(bào)交發(fā)之日開(kāi)始計(jì)算。信件未載明日期的，自投寄該信件的郵戳日期開(kāi)始計(jì)算。要約以電話、傳真等快速通訊方式作出的，承諾期限自要約到達(dá)受要約人時(shí)開(kāi)始生效 。

　Article 25 A contract is executed at the time when the acceptance becomes effective. 第二十五條 承諾生效時(shí)合同成立。

　Article 26 The acceptance becomes effective when the acceptance notice reaches the offeror. If an acceptance needs no notice, it becomes effective when an act of acceptance is performed in light of trade practices or as indicated by the offer. 第二十六條承諾通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)生效。承諾不需要通知的，根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣或者要約的要求作出承諾的行為時(shí)生效 Where a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data, the provisions of Paragraph 2, Article 16 of this Law shall be applicable to the time of arrival of the acceptance. 采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式訂立合同的，承諾到達(dá)的時(shí)間適用本法第十六條第二款的規(guī)定 。

　Article 27 An acceptance may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice of the acceptance shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance notice reaches the offeror. 第二十七條承諾可以撤回。撤回承諾的通知應(yīng)當(dāng)在承諾通知到達(dá)要約人之前或者與 承 諾 通 知 同 時(shí) 到 達(dá) 要 約 人 。

　Article 28 If the offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance, it shall constitute a new offer unless the offeror notifies the offeree in time that the acceptance is effective. 第二十八條受要約人超過(guò)承諾期限發(fā)出承諾的，除要約人及時(shí)通知受要約人該承諾 有 效 的 以 外 ， 為 新 要 約 。

　Article 29 If an offeree makes within the time limit for acceptance an acceptance that could reach the offeror in time under normal conditions but happens to reach the offeror beyond the limit due to other reasons, the acceptance shall be effective notwithstanding unless the offeror notifies the offeree in time that the acceptance is denied due to its delayed arrival. 第二十九條受要約人在承諾期限內(nèi)發(fā)出承諾，按照通常情形能夠及時(shí)到達(dá)要約人，但因其他原因承諾到達(dá)要約人時(shí)超過(guò)承諾期限的，除要約人及時(shí)通知受要約人 因 承 諾 超 過(guò) 期 限 不 接 受 該 承 諾 的 以 外 ， 該 承 諾 有 效 。

　Article 30 The content of an acceptance shall be consistent with the content of the offer. If the offeree proposes any substantial change to the content of the offer, it

　shall constitute a new offer. Changes related to the targeted matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, duration of fulfillment, place and mode of fulfillment, liability for breach of contract and method of dispute settlement in a contract are substantial changes to the content of an offer. 第三十條承諾的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)與要約的內(nèi)容一致。受要約人對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出實(shí)質(zhì)性變更的，為新要約。有關(guān)合同標(biāo)的、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬、履行期限、履行地點(diǎn)和方式、違約責(zé)任和解決爭(zhēng)議方法等的變更，是對(duì)要約內(nèi)容的實(shí)質(zhì)性變更 。

　Article 31 If an acceptance makes non-substantial changes to the content of the offer, the acceptance shall be effective notwithstanding and the content of the contract shall thus be based on the content of the acceptance, unless the offeror indicates in time its objection thereto, or as indicated in the offer, the acceptance may not make any change to the content of the offer. 第三十一條承諾對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更的，除要約人及時(shí)表示反對(duì)或者要約表明承諾不得對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出任何變更的以外，該承諾有效，合同的內(nèi)容以 承 諾 的 內(nèi) 容 為 準(zhǔn) 。

　Article 32 If the parties enter into a contract in the form of a contract instrument, the contract is executed at the time when both parties put their signatures or affix their seals thereto. 第三十二條當(dāng)事人采用合同書(shū)形式訂立合同的，自雙方當(dāng)事人簽字或者蓋章時(shí)合同 成 立 。

　Article 33 If the parties enter into a contract in the form of letter or text in electronic data or any other forms, a confirmation instrument may be required prior to the execution of the contract. The contract is executed at the time when the confirmation instrument is signed. 第三十三條當(dāng)事人采用信件、數(shù)據(jù)電文等形式訂立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要 求 簽 訂 確 認(rèn) 書(shū) 。

　簽 訂 確 認(rèn) 書(shū) 時(shí) 合 同 成 立 。

　Article 34 The place where the acceptance becomes effective shall be the place where the contract is executed. 第 三 十 四 條 承 諾 生 效 的 地 點(diǎn) 為 合 同 成 立 的 地 點(diǎn) 。

　Where a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data, the receiver"s major place of business is the place of execution of the contract; in the absence of a major

　place of business, the receiver"s habitual residence is the place of execution of the contract. Where the parties stipulate otherwise, such stipulations shall govern. 采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式訂立合同的，收件人的主營(yíng)業(yè)地為合同成立的地點(diǎn)；沒(méi)有主營(yíng)業(yè)地的，其經(jīng)常居住地為合同成立的地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)事人另有約定的，按照其約定。

　Article 35 If the parties adopt the form of a contract instrument to make a contract, the place where both parties sign or stamp the contract is the place of execution of the contract. 第三十五條當(dāng)事人采用合同書(shū)形式訂立合同的，雙方當(dāng)事人簽字或者蓋章的地點(diǎn)為 合 同 成 立 的 地 點(diǎn) 。

　Article 36 Where the parties fail to make a contract in written form as provided for by laws or administrative regulations or as agreed by the parties, but a party has already performed the major obligations and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract shall be considered as executed. 第三十六條法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人約定采用書(shū)面形式訂立合同，當(dāng)事人未采用書(shū)面形式但一方已經(jīng)履行主要義務(wù)，對(duì)方接受的，該合同成立。

　Article 37 If, in making a contract in the form of a contract instrument, a party has already performed the major obligations pending the signature or seal and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract shall be considered as executed. 第三十七條采用合同書(shū)形式訂立合同，在簽字或者蓋章之前，當(dāng)事人一方已經(jīng)履行 主 要 義 務(wù) ， 對(duì) 方 接 受 的 ， 該 合 同 成 立 。

　Article 38 If the State gives, according to the needs, mandatory assignments or State purchase orders, the legal persons and other organizations concerned shall conclude contracts in accordance with the rights and obligations provided for by the relevant laws and administrative regulations. 第三十八條國(guó)家根據(jù)需要下達(dá)指令性任務(wù)或者國(guó)家訂貨任務(wù)的，有關(guān)法人、其他組織之間應(yīng)當(dāng)依照有關(guān)法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定的權(quán)利和義務(wù)訂立合同。

　Article 39 If standard clauses are used in making a contract, the party that provides the standard clauses shall determine the rights and obligations between the parties in accordance with the principle of fairness, and shall call in a reasonable manner the other party"s attention to the exemptible and restrictive clauses regarding its liability, and give explanations of such clauses at the request of the other party. 第三十九條采用格式條款訂立合同的，提供格式條款的一方應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循公平原則確

　定當(dāng)事人之間的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，并采取合理的方式提請(qǐng)對(duì)方注意免除或者限制其責(zé)任 的 條 款 ， 按 照 對(duì) 方 的 要 求 ， 對(duì) 該 條 款 予 以 說(shuō) 明 。

　"Standard clauses" means the clauses that are formulated in anticipation by a party for the purpose of repeated usage and that are not a result of consultation with the other party in the making of the contract. 格式條款是當(dāng)事人為了重復(fù)使用而預(yù)先擬定，并在訂立合同時(shí)未與對(duì)方協(xié)商的條款 。

　Article 40 Standard clauses shall become invalid if they fall under any of the circumstances set forth in Articles 52 and 53 of this Law or if the party that provides the standard clauses exempts itself from the liability, imposes heavier liability on the other party, or precludes the other party from its main rights. 第四十條格式條款具有本法第五十二條和第五十三條規(guī)定情形的，或者提供格式條款一方免除其責(zé)任、加重對(duì)方責(zé)任、排除對(duì)方主要權(quán)利的，該條款無(wú)效。

　Article 41 If a dispute arises over the understanding of a standard clause, the clause shall be interpreted in accordance with its common understanding. If a standard clause has more than one interpretation, the clause shall be interpreted in a manner unfavorable to the party providing the clause. If a standard clause is inconsistent with the non-standard clause, the non-standard clause shall be adopted. 第四十一條對(duì)格式條款的理解發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照通常理解予以解釋。對(duì)格式條款有兩種以上解釋的，應(yīng)當(dāng)作出不利于提供格式條款一方的解釋。格式條款和非 格 式 條 款 不 一 致 的 ， 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 采 用 非 格 式 條 款 。

　Article 42 In the making of a contract, the party that falls under any of the following circumstances, causing thus loss to the other party, shall hold the liability for the loss. 第四十二條當(dāng)事人在訂立合同過(guò)程中有下列情形之一，給對(duì)方造成損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承 擔(dān) 損 害 賠 償 責(zé) 任 ：

　(1) engaging in consultation with malicious intention in name of making a contract; （ 一 ）

　假 借 訂 立 合 同 ， 惡 意 進(jìn) 行 磋 商 ； (2) concealing intentionally key facts related to the making of the contract or providing false information; or （ 二 ）

　故 意 隱 瞞 與 訂 立 合 同 有 關(guān) 的 重 要 事 實(shí) 或 者 提 供 虛 假 情 況 ； (3) taking any other act contrary to the principle of good faith.

　（ 三 ）

　有 其 他 違 背 誠(chéng) 實(shí) 信 用 原 則 的 行 為 。

　Article 43 Neither party may disclose or inappropriately exploit business secrets obtained in the making of a contract no matter the contract is executed or not. The party that discloses or inappropriately exploits the said business secrets causing thus loss to the other party shall hold the liability for the loss. 第四十三條當(dāng)事人在訂立合同過(guò)程中知悉的商業(yè)秘密，無(wú)論合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正當(dāng)?shù)厥褂�。泄露或者不正�?dāng)?shù)厥褂迷撋虡I(yè)秘密給對(duì)方造成損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)損害賠償責(zé)任。

　Chapter III Validity of the Contract 第 三 章

　合 同 的 效 力 Article 44 A contract legally executed shall become effective upon execution. 第 四 十 四 條 依 法 成 立 的 合 同 ， 自 成 立 時(shí) 生 效 。

　Where a contract may become effective only after the completion of approval and registration procedure according to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall govern. 法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)辦理批準(zhǔn)、登記等手續(xù)生效的，依照其規(guī)定。

　Article 45 The parties may agree to attach conditions on the validity of the contract. A contract with collateral conditions on its entry into effect shall become effective upon the fulfillment of the conditions. A contract with collateral conditions on its dissolution shall lose its validity upon the fulfillment of the conditions. 第四十五條當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同的效力可以約定附條件。附生效條件的合同，自條件成就 時(shí) 生 效 。

　附 解 除 條 件 的 合 同 ， 自 條 件 成 就 時(shí) 失 效 。

　Where either party, for the sake of its own interests, unjustifiably prevents the fulfillment of the aforesaid conditions, the conditions shall be deemed as fulfilled; where either party unjustifiably hastens the fulfillment of the conditions, the conditions shall be deemed as not fulfilled. 當(dāng)事人為自己的利益不正當(dāng)?shù)刈柚箺l件成就的，視為條件已成就；不正當(dāng)?shù)卮俪蓷l 件 成 就 的 ， 視 為 條 件 不 成 就 。

　Article 46 The parties may agree to attach a time limit for the entry into effect of a contract. A contract with an attached time limit for its entry into effect shall become

　effective upon expiry of the time limit. A contract attached with a time limit for its termination shall lose its effect upon expiry of the time limit. 第四十六條當(dāng)事人對(duì)合同的效力可以約定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限屆至 時(shí) 生 效 。

　附 終 止 期 限 的 合 同 ， 自 期 限 屆 滿 時(shí) 失 效 。

　Article 47 A contract entered into by a person with limited civil capacity may become valid only after ratification by his legal agent. However, a contract of such kind which is purely profit-making or the making of which is compatible to the age, intelligence and mental health of the person concerned needs no ratification by his legal agent. 第四十七條限制民事行為能力人訂立的合同，經(jīng)法定代理人追認(rèn)后，該合同有效，但純獲利益的合同或者與其年齡、智力、精神健康狀況相適應(yīng)而訂立的合同 ， 不 必 經(jīng) 法 定 代 理 人 追 認(rèn) 。

　The counterpart may urge the legal agent to give ratification within one month. Where the legal agent does not respond, the non-response shall be deemed a refusal of ratification. Pending the ratification, the bona fide counterpart has the right to rescind. The rescission shall be made by a notice. 相對(duì)人可以催告法定代理人在一個(gè)月內(nèi)予以追認(rèn)。法定代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認(rèn)。合同被追認(rèn)之前，善意相對(duì)人有撤銷的權(quán)利。撤銷應(yīng)當(dāng)以通知的方式作 出 。

　Article 48 A contract that is entered into by an actor without the right of agency, in excess of the right of agency or beyond the expiration of the right of agency, in the name of a principal and without ratification by the principal, shall have no binding force on the principal, and the actor shall bear the responsibility therefor. 第四十八條行為人沒(méi)有代理權(quán)、超越代理權(quán)或者代理權(quán)終止后以被代理人名義訂立的合同，未經(jīng)被代理人追認(rèn)，對(duì)被代理人不發(fā)生效力，由行為人承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

　The counterpart may urge the principal to give ratification of the contract within one month. Where the principal does not respond, the non-response shall be deemed a refusal of ratification. Pending the ratification, the bona fide counterpart has the right to rescind. The rescission shall be made by a notice. 相對(duì)人可以催告被代理人在一個(gè)月內(nèi)予以追認(rèn)。被代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認(rèn)。合同被追認(rèn)之前，善意相對(duì)人有撤銷的權(quán)利。撤銷應(yīng)當(dāng)以通知的方式作出 。

　Article 49 Where an actor enters, without the right of agency, in excess of the right of agency or beyond the expiration of the right of agency, into a contract in the name of a principal, and where the counterpart has grounds to believe that the actor has the right of agency, the act of agency shall be deemed as effective. 第四十九條行為人沒(méi)有代理權(quán)、超越代理權(quán)或者代理權(quán)終止后以被代理人名義訂立 合 同 ， 相 對(duì) 人 有 理 由 相 信 行 為 人 有 代 理 權(quán) 的 ， 該 代 理 行 為 有 效 。

　Article 50 Where a legal person, or the legal representative or the person in charge of an organization exceeds the limits of power in making a contract, the act of representation shall be effective unless the counterpart is aware or ought to be aware of the excess of the limit of power. 第五十條法人或者其他組織的法定代表人、負(fù)責(zé)人超越權(quán)限訂立的合同，除相對(duì)人 知 道 或 者 應(yīng) 當(dāng) 知 道 其 超 越 權(quán) 限 的 以 外 ， 該 代 表 行 為 有 效 。

　Article 51 Where a person without the right of disposal disposes of another"s property, upon ratification by the obligee or if the person without the right of disposal obtains the right of disposal after making the contract, the contract shall be effective. 第五十一條無(wú)處分權(quán)的人處分他人財(cái)產(chǎn)，經(jīng)權(quán)利人追認(rèn)或者無(wú)處分權(quán)的人訂立合同 后 取 得 處 分 權(quán) 的 ， 該 合 同 有 效 。

　Article 52 A contract is invalid under any of the following circumstances: 第 五 十 二 條 有 下 列 情 形 之 一 的 ， 合 同 無(wú) 效 ：

　(1) either party enters into the contract by means of fraud or coercion and impairs the State"s interests; （ 一 ）

　一 方 以 欺 詐 、 脅 迫 的 手 段 訂 立 合 同 ， 損 害 國(guó) 家 利 益 ； (2) there is malicious conspiracy causing damage to the interests of the State, of the collective or of a third party; （ 二 ）

　惡 意 串 通 ， 損 害 國(guó) 家 、 集 體 或 者 第 三 人 利 益 ； (3) there is an attempt to conceal illegal goals under the disguise of legitimate forms; （ 三 ）

　以 合 法 形 式 掩 蓋 非 法 目 的 ； (4) harm is done to social and public interests; or （ 四 ）

　損 害 社 會(huì) 公 共 利 益 ； (5) mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations are violated. （ 五 ）

　違 反 法 律 、 行 政 法 規(guī) 的 強(qiáng) 制 性 規(guī) 定 。

　Article 53 The following clauses on liability exemption in a contract shall be invalid: 第五十三條合同中的下列免責(zé)條款無(wú)效 (1) those causing physical injury to the other party; or （ 一 ）

　造 成 對(duì) 方 人 身 傷 害 的 ； (2) those causing losses to property to the other party by intention or due to gross negligence. （ 二 ）

　因 故 意 或 者 重 大 過(guò) 失 造 成 對(duì) 方 財(cái) 產(chǎn) 損 失 的 。

　Article 54 Either party has the right to request a people"s court or an arbitration institution to alter or rescind any of the following contracts: 第五十四條下列合同，當(dāng)事人一方有權(quán)請(qǐng)求人民法院或者仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)變更或者撤銷 ：

　(1) any contract which is made under substantial misunderstanding; or （ 一 ）

　因 重 大 誤 解 訂 立 的 ； (2) any contract the making of which lacks fairness. （ 二 ）

　在 訂 立 合 同 時(shí) 顯 失 公 平 的 。

　Where a party makes the other party enter into a contract against its true will by means of deceit, coercion or taking advantage of its difficulties, the injured party has the right to request a people"s court or an arbitration institution to alter or rescind the contract. 一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段或者乘人之危，使對(duì)方在違背真實(shí)意思的情況下訂立的合 同 ， 受 損 害 方 有 權(quán) 請(qǐng) 求 人 民 法 院 或 者 仲 裁 機(jī) 構(gòu) 變 更 或 者 撤 銷 。

　Where the request of the party is an alteration to the contract, the people"s court or arbitration institution shall not rescind it. 當(dāng) 事 人 請(qǐng) 求 變 更 的 ， 人 民 法 院 或 者 仲 裁 機(jī) 構(gòu) 不 得 撤 銷 。

　Article 55 The right to rescind shall vanish where: (1) the party with the right to rescind has not exercised it within a year from the date on which it was aware or ought to be aware of the matter for the rescission; or （一）具有撤銷權(quán)的當(dāng)事人自知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道撤銷事由之日起一年內(nèi)沒(méi)有行使撤 銷 權(quán) ； (2) the party with the right to rescind waivers its right by express indication or by its own act after it was aware of the matter for the rescission.

�。ǘ�）具有撤銷權(quán)的當(dāng)事人知道撤銷事由后明確表示或者以自己的行為放棄撤銷權(quán) 。

　Article 56 An invalid or rescinded contract does not have legal binding force from the outset. If a part of a contract becomes invalid without affecting the validity of the other parts, the other parts remain valid. 第五十六條無(wú)效的合同或者被撤銷的合同自始沒(méi)有法律約束力。合同部分無(wú)效， 不 影 響 其 他 部 分 效 力 的 ， 其 他 部 分 仍 然 有 效 。

　Article 57 If a contract becomes invalid, or is rescinded or terminated, the validity of its independently existing clauses pertaining to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected. 第五十七條合同無(wú)效、被撤銷或者終止的，不影響合同中獨(dú)立存在的有關(guān)解決爭(zhēng)議方法的條款的效力。

　Article 58 After a contract becomes invalid or is rescinded, any property obtained under the contract shall be returned. If it is impossible or unnecessary to return the property, compensation shall be made at an estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for the loss caused by the fault. If both parties have faults, they shall bear their respective responsibilities.第五十八條合同無(wú)效或者被撤銷后，因該合同取得的財(cái)產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以返還；不能返還或者沒(méi)有必要返還的，應(yīng)當(dāng)折價(jià)補(bǔ)償。有過(guò)錯(cuò)的一方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償對(duì)方因此所受到的損失，雙方都有過(guò)錯(cuò)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)各自 承 擔(dān) 相 應(yīng) 的 責(zé) 任 。

　Article 59 If the parties impair by malicious conspiracy the interests of the State, of the collective or of a third party, the property they have thus obtained shall be returned to the State, the collective or the third party. 第五十九條當(dāng)事人惡意串通，損害國(guó)家、集體或者第三人利益的，因此取得的財(cái)產(chǎn) 收 歸 國(guó) 家 所 有 或 者 返 還 集 體 、 第 三 人 。

　Chapter IV Fulfillment of the Contract 第四章 合同的履行 Article 60 The parties shall fulfill fully their respective obligations as contracted. 第六十條當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定全面履行自己的義務(wù)。

　The parties shall observe the principle of good faith and fulfill the obligations of notification, assistance and confidentiality in accordance with the nature and aims of the contract and trade practices. 當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則，根據(jù)合同的性質(zhì)、目的和交易習(xí)慣履行通知、協(xié)助、保密等義務(wù)。

　Article 61 For a contract that has become valid, where the parties have not stipulated the contents regarding quality, price or remuneration or the place of performance, or have stipulated them unclearly, the parties may supplement them by agreement; if they are unable to reach a supplementary agreement, the problem shall be determined in accordance with the related clauses of the contract or with trade practices. 第六十一條合同生效后，當(dāng)事人就質(zhì)量、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬、履行地點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容沒(méi)有約定或者約定不明確的，可以協(xié)議補(bǔ)充；不能達(dá)成補(bǔ)充協(xié)議的，按照合同有關(guān)條款或 者 交 易 習(xí) 慣 確 定 。

　Article 62 Where the parties have unclearly stipulated related contents in a contract and fails to determine them in accordance with the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the following provisions shall apply:

　第六十二條當(dāng)事人就有關(guān)合同內(nèi)容約定不明確，依照本法第六十一條的規(guī)定仍不能確定的，適用下列規(guī)定：

　(1) in case of unclear quality requirements, the contract shall be performed in accordance with State standards or trade standards, or in the absence of such standards, in accordance with common standards or special standards conforming to the aim of the contract; （一）質(zhì)量要求不明確的，按照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)履行；沒(méi)有國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo) 準(zhǔn) 的 ， 按 照 通 常 標(biāo) 準(zhǔn) 或 者 符 合 合 同 目 的 的 特 定 標(biāo) 準(zhǔn) 履 行 。

　(2) in case of unclear price or remuneration stipulation, the contract shall be performed in accordance with the market price in the place of contract performance at the time of the making of the contract, or according to the government-set price or government-guided price if it is so required by law; （二）價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬不明確的，按照訂立合同時(shí)履行地的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格履行；依法應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行政府定價(jià)或者政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)的，按照規(guī)定履行。

　(3) in case of unclear stipulation of place of performance, where the payment is in cash, the contract shall be performed in the place of the cash recipient; where the payment is in real estate, the contract shall be performed in the place where the real estate is located; where other targeted matters are involved, the contract shall be performed in the place of the party fulfilling the obligations; （三）履行地點(diǎn)不明確，給付貨幣的，在接受貨幣一方所在地履行；交付不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的，在不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地履行；其他標(biāo)的，在履行義務(wù)一方所在地履行。

　(4) in case of unclear time limit for the performance, the debtor may fulfill its obligations at any time, and the creditor may demand the fulfillment at any time, while giving the debtor necessary time to make preparations; （四）履行期限不明確的，債務(wù)人可以隨時(shí)履行，債權(quán)人也...

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