定向運動練習者專項認知能力訓練的實驗研究
發(fā)布時間:2018-06-24 來源: 散文精選 點擊:
摘 要:探索運動領域專項認知能力的評價指標以及干預方法,以期提高科學化的運動認知訓練水平。對定向運動項目練習者進行若干專項認知指標及技能評價的分析,輔以專項認知技能訓練,探索采用科學的評價方法和認知能力提高訓練的效果。結果發(fā)現(xiàn),在定向運動認知技能訓練研究中,采用路線規(guī)劃與優(yōu)秀運動員的視頻錄像相結合進行識圖搜索訓練,并在此基礎上進行地圖情景識別記憶訓練,實驗組的定向專項記憶成績、完成規(guī)定路線的測試成績顯著高于控制組,完成規(guī)定路線的看圖次數(shù)、看圖時間、行進距離與直線距離比顯著低于控制組。因此,有針對性進行運動員的認知能力訓練有助于改善練習者對運動信息的記憶提取能力及視覺搜索效率,從而提高認知能力,改善運動成績。
關 鍵 詞:運動心理學;定向運動;認知加工;工作記憶;視覺搜索
中圖分類號:G804.8 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-7116(2018)02-0057-06
An experimental study of specialized cognitive ability training for
orienteering practicers
LIU Yang1,HE Jin-peng2,LIU Tian-yu2
(1.School of Physical Education,Xi’an University of Technology,Xi’an 710048,China;
2.School of Physical Education,Northeast Normal University,Changchun 130024,China)
Abstract: In order to explore specialized cognition ability evaluation indexes and intervention methods used in the sport area, and hopefully to enhance scientized sports cognition training performance, the authors carried out an analysis of several specialized cognition indexes and skills evaluation on orienteering practicers, coupled with specialized cognitive skill training, explored training effect improvement by using scientific evaluation methods and cognitive ability, and revealed the following findings: in the study of orienteering cognitive skill training, carrying out map reading and searching training by using path planning coupled with excellent athlete video recording, and on such a basis, carrying out map scenario identification and memorization training, the experiment group’s orienteering specialized memorization performance and stipulated path completion test performance were significantly higher than the control group’s; its map reading times, map reading time, distance walked and straight line distance for stipulated path completion were significantly fewer/less/shorter than the control group’s. Therefore, based on the experiment findings, carrying out athlete cognitive ability training in an action specific way is conducive to improving the practicers’ sports information memorizing and extracting ability and visual search efficiency, thus improving their cognitive ability and sports performance.
Key words: sports psychology;orienteering;cognitive processing;working memory;visual search
定向運動項目要求練習者利用自身的知識結構和經驗盡可能準確、迅速的從地圖中提取相關的信息尋找目標點,最終確定合理的行進路線。這一過程練習者要考慮距離、登高、可跑性以及所存在的障礙物等因素,是認知加工的過程[1]。在這一認知過程中,主要受視覺搜索與工作記憶的影響[2]。不同水平定向運動員在工作記憶儲存與提取特征上存在著明顯差異,優(yōu)秀運動員具有專項認知優(yōu)勢,掌握了專項記憶策略[3-4]。
對于這種認知優(yōu)勢,人們常常是在沒有明確地意識到他們所采用的認知策略、沒有經過專門認知訓練的情況下獲得了這種能力。那么,是否可能通過向初學者傳授優(yōu)秀運動員所采用的認知策略來培養(yǎng)他們的這種能力呢?如果能夠得到肯定的回答,這將為教練員設計更有效的訓練計劃提供幫助。因此,本研究采用路線規(guī)劃與優(yōu)秀運動員的視頻錄像相結合進行識圖搜索訓練,并在此基礎上進行地圖情景識別記憶訓練對定向初學者進行識圖認知技能訓練,探討專項認知訓練對初學者識圖效率、專項記憶能力及路線決策的影響。
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