摘 要：探索運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)域?qū)ｍ?xiàng)認(rèn)知能力的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)以及干預(yù)方法，以期提高科學(xué)化的運(yùn)動(dòng)認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練水平。對(duì)定向運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目練習(xí)者進(jìn)行若干專項(xiàng)認(rèn)知指標(biāo)及技能評(píng)價(jià)的分析，輔以專項(xiàng)認(rèn)知技能訓(xùn)練，探索采用科學(xué)的評(píng)價(jià)方法和認(rèn)知能力提高訓(xùn)練的效果。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在定向運(yùn)動(dòng)認(rèn)知技能訓(xùn)練研究中，采用路線規(guī)劃與優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員的視頻錄像相結(jié)合進(jìn)行識(shí)圖搜索訓(xùn)練，并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行地圖情景識(shí)別記憶訓(xùn)練，實(shí)驗(yàn)組的定向?qū)ｍ?xiàng)記憶成績(jī)、完成規(guī)定路線的測(cè)試成績(jī)顯著高于控制組，完成規(guī)定路線的看圖次數(shù)、看圖時(shí)間、行進(jìn)距離與直線距離比顯著低于控制組。因此，有針對(duì)性進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)員的認(rèn)知能力訓(xùn)練有助于改善練習(xí)者對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)信息的記憶提取能力及視覺(jué)搜索效率，從而提高認(rèn)知能力，改善運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)。
　　關(guān) 鍵 詞：運(yùn)動(dòng)心理學(xué)；定向運(yùn)動(dòng)；認(rèn)知加工；工作記憶；視覺(jué)搜索
　　中圖分類號(hào)：G804.8 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1006-7116（2018）02-0057-06
　　An experimental study of specialized cognitive ability training for
　　orienteering practicers
　　LIU Yang1，HE Jin-peng2，LIU Tian-yu2
　�。�1.School of Physical Education，Xi’an University of Technology，Xi’an 710048，China；
　　2.School of Physical Education，Northeast Normal University，Changchun 130024，China）
　　Abstract： In order to explore specialized cognition ability evaluation indexes and intervention methods used in the sport area， and hopefully to enhance scientized sports cognition training performance， the authors carried out an analysis of several specialized cognition indexes and skills evaluation on orienteering practicers， coupled with specialized cognitive skill training， explored training effect improvement by using scientific evaluation methods and cognitive ability， and revealed the following findings： in the study of orienteering cognitive skill training， carrying out map reading and searching training by using path planning coupled with excellent athlete video recording， and on such a basis， carrying out map scenario identification and memorization training， the experiment group’s orienteering specialized memorization performance and stipulated path completion test performance were significantly higher than the control group’s； its map reading times， map reading time， distance walked and straight line distance for stipulated path completion were significantly fewer/less/shorter than the control group’s. Therefore， based on the experiment findings， carrying out athlete cognitive ability training in an action specific way is conducive to improving the practicers’ sports information memorizing and extracting ability and visual search efficiency， thus improving their cognitive ability and sports performance.
　　Key words： sports psychology；orienteering；cognitive processing；working memory；visual search
　　定向運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目要求練習(xí)者利用自身的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)盡可能準(zhǔn)確、迅速的從地圖中提取相關(guān)的信息尋找目標(biāo)點(diǎn)，最終確定合理的行進(jìn)路線。這一過(guò)程練習(xí)者要考慮距離、登高、可跑性以及所存在的障礙物等因素，是認(rèn)知加工的過(guò)程[1]。在這一認(rèn)知過(guò)程中，主要受視覺(jué)搜索與工作記憶的影響[2]。不同水平定向運(yùn)動(dòng)員在工作記憶儲(chǔ)存與提取特征上存在著明顯差異，優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員具有專項(xiàng)認(rèn)知優(yōu)勢(shì)，掌握了專項(xiàng)記憶策略[3-4]。
　　對(duì)于這種認(rèn)知優(yōu)勢(shì)，人們常常是在沒(méi)有明確地意識(shí)到他們所采用的認(rèn)知策略、沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)專門(mén)認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練的情況下獲得了這種能力。那么，是否可能通過(guò)向初學(xué)者傳授優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員所采用的認(rèn)知策略來(lái)培養(yǎng)他們的這種能力呢？如果能夠得到肯定的回答，這將為教練員設(shè)計(jì)更有效的訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃提供幫助。因此，本研究采用路線規(guī)劃與優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員的視頻錄像相結(jié)合進(jìn)行識(shí)圖搜索訓(xùn)練，并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行地圖情景識(shí)別記憶訓(xùn)練對(duì)定向初學(xué)者進(jìn)行識(shí)圖認(rèn)知技能訓(xùn)練，探討專項(xiàng)認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練對(duì)初學(xué)者識(shí)圖效率、專項(xiàng)記憶能力及路線決策的影響。

相關(guān)熱詞搜索：定向 認(rèn)知 專項(xiàng) 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 訓(xùn)練