膠東半島的產(chǎn)業(yè)向中西部轉(zhuǎn)移,不僅是半島地區(qū)承接發(fā)展高端產(chǎn)業(yè)的需要,也是促進(jìn)西部地區(qū)發(fā)展、解決山東經(jīng)濟(jì)東西發(fā)展不平衡問題一個(gè)重要條件。 　　 　　The transference of industries from the Jiaodong Peninsula to the middle and western region is not a prerequisite for the peninsular region to undertake the development of the high-end industries, but also an important condition for promoting development of the western region and correcting the imbalance of economic development between the eastern and western regions of Shandong.
　　
　　“用工荒”正在考驗(yàn)山東經(jīng)濟(jì)的平衡性增長(zhǎng)。
　　讓人們沒有想到的是,過去只在廣東、江浙地區(qū)出現(xiàn)的“用工荒”,如今會(huì)落在素以人力資源豐富的山東的頭上。
　　山東省人力資源和社會(huì)保障廳的最新數(shù)字顯示,青島、東營(yíng)、煙臺(tái)、威海、日照等東部沿海城市部分企業(yè)處于招工不足狀態(tài),2月份5個(gè)市人力資源市場(chǎng)求職人數(shù)共計(jì)15.8萬(wàn)人,與企業(yè)崗位需求之間存在20多萬(wàn)人的差距。
　　根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),膠東半島缺工主要存在于勞動(dòng)密集型企業(yè),特別是產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)比較激烈的制鞋、玩具制造、電子裝配、服裝加工、塑料制品加工等行業(yè)。從中長(zhǎng)期看,這種狀況將可能導(dǎo)致缺工地區(qū)企業(yè)工資水平的被迫上漲,從而迫使一些工資較低的勞動(dòng)密集型加工企業(yè)退出該地區(qū),向山東省中西部地區(qū)梯度轉(zhuǎn)移。
　　這種轉(zhuǎn)移與中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體格局是一致的。隨著東部沿海地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)水平的不斷提升,其原來(lái)的一些技術(shù)含量較低的產(chǎn)業(yè)逐步向中西部地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移,中國(guó)區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整總體趨勢(shì)也是從南向北、從東向西進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移,國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略也隨之而動(dòng),實(shí)施了一系列西部大開發(fā)等區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。
　　山東省內(nèi)部同樣存在產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移和均衡發(fā)展的問題。從上世紀(jì)80年代便開始著手解決區(qū)域間發(fā)展不平衡問題,從“東中西”梯次推進(jìn),到“東中西”重點(diǎn)突破,再到“一體兩翼”,以及半島城市群建設(shè)、藍(lán)色經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、黃三角開發(fā)等,都是在突出優(yōu)勢(shì)地區(qū)的發(fā)展,借助東部的力量尋求西部突破。
　　 山東經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院董彥嶺教授認(rèn)為,山東一直都是圍繞膠東半島來(lái)發(fā)展,建設(shè)半島藍(lán)色經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和高端產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集區(qū),實(shí)際上就是對(duì)半島經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)一步提升,繼續(xù)助推優(yōu)勢(shì)地區(qū)發(fā)展,以便帶動(dòng)其他城市的發(fā)展。
　　事實(shí)上,區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡發(fā)展不是簡(jiǎn)單地把資源、政策等投入到欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),而是要選擇突破機(jī)會(huì),以地區(qū)優(yōu)勢(shì)的發(fā)展?jié)摿ξ�引外�?lái)資源,增加欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的自我“造血”能力。隨著沿海勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)加快向內(nèi)陸轉(zhuǎn)移,山東省西部地區(qū)正迎來(lái)一個(gè)加快發(fā)展、縮小與東部差距的機(jī)遇。膠東半島的產(chǎn)業(yè)向中西部轉(zhuǎn)移,不僅是半島地區(qū)承接發(fā)展高端產(chǎn)業(yè)的需要,也是促進(jìn)西部地區(qū)發(fā)展、解決山東經(jīng)濟(jì)東西發(fā)展不平衡問題的一個(gè)的重要條件。
　　在山東,產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移已引起各級(jí)政府的高度重視。為幫助經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)落后的菏澤市加快發(fā)展,山東省于2004年提出“突破菏澤”的決定,要求東部地區(qū)對(duì)口支援菏澤建設(shè)。菏澤市為承接各市建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,專門設(shè)立了青島工業(yè)園、煙臺(tái)工業(yè)園等園區(qū),主動(dòng)承接各市援建項(xiàng)目,一大批企業(yè)和項(xiàng)目落地菏澤,為菏澤經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。
　　不獨(dú)菏澤,山東西部各市也都積極與東部經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)市進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移和對(duì)接,保持了強(qiáng)勁的增長(zhǎng)勢(shì)頭,聊城、德州、濱州等城市的工業(yè)增加值增幅均高于山東省平均水平。
　　山東半島是中國(guó)最早發(fā)展外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)的地區(qū)之一,改革開放30多年來(lái)積累了大量勞動(dòng)密集型加工業(yè)。20世紀(jì)90年代,在新一輪國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移浪潮下,山東半島承接大量高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)加工、裝配工業(yè)投資,產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)不斷升級(jí)。但由于生產(chǎn)要素成本的不斷上升,一部分產(chǎn)業(yè)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)喪失,產(chǎn)品不再具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
　　作為山東經(jīng)濟(jì)的前沿區(qū)域,山東半島為了保持經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的活力和優(yōu)勢(shì),必須對(duì)區(qū)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,增強(qiáng)地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)等高端產(chǎn)業(yè)的進(jìn)入,使得一些資源導(dǎo)向型項(xiàng)目,如紡織業(yè)、食品加工業(yè)、石油化工以及一般性加工制造業(yè)由山東半島向山東中西部進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移。
　　目前,山東半島地區(qū)存在一些膨脹型產(chǎn)業(yè),如服裝、石油化工、一般性機(jī)械加工工業(yè)等產(chǎn)業(yè),具有較強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和良好的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭,但山東半島地狹人廣、資源缺乏的特點(diǎn)決定了這一類膨脹型產(chǎn)業(yè)向山東中西部資源充沛、空間廣大的地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移,從而為電子信息等高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供空間。
　　西部地區(qū)豐富的自然資源和人力優(yōu)勢(shì)對(duì)山東半島的企業(yè)極具吸引力,為東部企業(yè)提供了產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移的優(yōu)質(zhì)陣地,甚至一些優(yōu)勢(shì)企業(yè)也把西部地區(qū)看作是擴(kuò)張的市場(chǎng)。濰坊市的晨鳴集團(tuán),利用菏澤豐富的林木資源在鄄城縣建起了板材廠;魯花集團(tuán)則在定陶縣建立了分公司,消化魯豫蘇皖等周邊地區(qū)的花生資源。
　　中西部地區(qū)同樣具有工業(yè)化發(fā)展的巨大潛力,為山東半島的一些裝備制造工業(yè)提供巨大的市場(chǎng)。中部的一些中心城市如淄博、東營(yíng)等城市制造業(yè)基礎(chǔ)好、智力資源豐沛、土地供應(yīng)充足,完全有能力以更低的成本承接山東部分企業(yè)外包的一些高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的某些加工制造環(huán)節(jié)。目前,山東一些有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的大企業(yè)集團(tuán),正利用投資新建、參股控股、兼并收購(gòu)、建立生產(chǎn)加工點(diǎn)和生產(chǎn)基地、研發(fā)中心等多種方式,向中西部地區(qū)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移。
　　從更長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)看,從膠東半島地區(qū)向西部轉(zhuǎn)移的,不僅僅是這些低層次的勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。隨著膠東半島高端產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集區(qū)建設(shè)的推進(jìn),一些技術(shù)含量較高的制造業(yè)也將逐步流向西部地區(qū),以便讓位于更高端的產(chǎn)業(yè)。
　　“轉(zhuǎn)入是產(chǎn)業(yè)的新生,轉(zhuǎn)出則是產(chǎn)業(yè)的升華�！睆某薪赢a(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)入到實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)出,山東半島的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化,經(jīng)濟(jì)水平也在產(chǎn)業(yè)的更新中得以升華。
　　
　　The latest figures released by the Department of Human Resource and Social Security reveal that some of the enterprises in the coastal cities like Qingdao, Dongying, Yantai, Weihai and Rizhao are short of employees. In February, the number of people seeking employment was 158,000, which lacked far behind the more than 200,000 vacancies.
　　According to the statistics, the employee shortage mainly exists in the labor-intensive enterprises in the Jiaodong Peninsula, especially the processing industries involved in shoe making, toy manufacturing, electronic assembly, clothing production and plastic products processing. From the mid and long-term viewpoint, this situation will lead to wage increases in the regions short of employees, thus forcing some labor intensive processing enterprises with low salaries to retreat from these regions and move to the middle and western regions of Shandong Province.
　　In Shandong, the industrial transference has attracted high attention from the governments at various levels. With a view to helping Heze―a region with a relatively backward economy―to speed up development, Shandong Province initiated the decision of “breaking through in Heze” in 2004, which required the eastern regions to provide counterpart assistance for Heze. As a result, the GDP increase of Heze has always ranked in top place throughout the province.
　　Besides Heze, the other cities in western Shandong have also enthusiastically launched industrial transference and connection with the eastern developed cities, thus maintaining a powerful growth tendency. The industrial grown rates of Liaocheng, Dezhou and Binzhou all are higher than the average level of Shandong Province.
　　As the frontier region of Shandong’s economy, with a view to maintaining the vitality and advantages of economic development, The Jiaodong Peninsula must adjust its industrial structure to increase the regional industrial competence. The entrance of high-end industries such as hi-tech industries has resulted in some resource-based projects, such as textile industry, food processing industry, petrochemical industry and ordinary processing and manufacturing industry being transferred from the Jiaodong Peninsula to the mid and western regions of Shandong.
　　At present, some expansive enterprises involved in such industries as clothing processing, petrochemical industry and mechanical processing in the Shandong Peninsula still have powerful product competence and development tendency. However, the characteristics of narrow geographic location and scare resources will force these expansive industries to be transferred to the mid and western regions with abundant resources and vast space, thus providing space for the hi-tech industries such as the electronic information industry in the Jiaodong Peninsula.

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