中國與世界貿(mào)易組織

　China and the World Trade Organization

�。�2018 年 年 6 月）

　June 2018

　中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

　The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

　 目錄

　Contents

　前言

　Foreword

　一、中國切實(shí)履行加入世貿(mào)組織承諾

　I. China Has Faithfully Fulfilled Its WTO Accession Commitments

　二、中國堅(jiān)定支持多邊貿(mào)易體制

　II. China Firmly Supports the Multilateral Trading System

　三、中國加入世貿(mào)組織后對(duì)世界作出重要貢獻(xiàn)

　III. China’s Significant Contribution to the World After Accession to the WTO

　四、中國積極推動(dòng)更高水平對(duì)外開放

　IV. China Is Actively Advancing Opening-Up to a Higher Level

　結(jié)束語

　Conclusion

　前言

　Foreword

　1978 年，中國開啟了改革開放的歷史進(jìn)程。改革開放是中國人民用雙手書寫的國家和民族發(fā)展的壯麗史詩，是中國和世界共同發(fā)展進(jìn)步的偉大歷程，不僅深刻改變了中國，也深刻影響了世界。40 年來，中國堅(jiān)持對(duì)外開放基本國策，打開國門搞建設(shè)，逐步形成了全方位多層次寬領(lǐng)域的對(duì)外開放格局，極大促進(jìn)了中國與外部世界的交流交融，為人類和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

　 In 1978, China started the historic process of reform and opening-up. This is a glorious chapter in the development epic of the country and the nation composed by the Chinese people, recording the great journey of common progress of China and the rest of the world. It has not only profoundly changed the country, but also greatly influenced the whole world. Over the past 40 years, China has been adhering to the fundamental national policy of reform and opening-up and pursuing development with its door wide open. A model of all-round, multi-level, and wide-ranging opening-up has gradually taken shape. China is closely connected with

　the outside world and has made a significant contribution to the noble cause of global peace and development.

　2001 年中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織，是中國深度參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的里程碑，標(biāo)志著中國改革開放進(jìn)入歷史新階段。加入世貿(mào)組織以來，中國積極踐行自由貿(mào)易理念，全面履行加入承諾，大幅開放市場(chǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣互利共贏，在對(duì)外開放中展現(xiàn)了大國擔(dān)當(dāng)。

　In 2001, China acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO). This was a milestone in China’s integration into economic globalization, marking a new historic stage of reform and opening-up. Since its accession to the WTO, China has been a strong advocate for free trade. China has comprehensively fulfilled its commitments to the WTO, substantially opened its market to the world, and delivered mutually beneficial and win-win outcomes on a wider scale. Through these efforts, China has lived up to its responsibility as a major country.

　以世貿(mào)組織為核心的多邊貿(mào)易體制是國際貿(mào)易的基石，是全球貿(mào)易健康有序發(fā)展的支柱。中國堅(jiān)定遵守和維護(hù)世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則，支持開放、透明、包容、非歧視的多邊貿(mào)易體制，全面參與世貿(mào)組織工作，為共同完善全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理發(fā)出中國聲音、提出中國方案，是多邊貿(mào)易體制的積極參與者、堅(jiān)定維護(hù)者和重要貢獻(xiàn)者。

　The multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its core, is the cornerstone of international trade and underpins the sound and orderly development of global trade. China firmly observes and upholds the WTO rules, and supports the multilateral trading system that is open, transparent, inclusive and non-discriminatory. China has participated in all aspects of WTO work, made its voice heard and contributed its own proposals on improving global economic governance. China is an active participant, strong supporter and major contributor in the multilateral trading system.

　中國加入世貿(mào)組織既發(fā)展了自己，也造福了世界。中國積極踐行新發(fā)展理念，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展由高速度向高質(zhì)量邁進(jìn)，成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的主要穩(wěn)定器和動(dòng)力源。中國奉行互利共贏的開放戰(zhàn)略，積極推動(dòng)共建“一帶一路”，在開放中分享機(jī)會(huì)和利益，在實(shí)現(xiàn)自身發(fā)展的同時(shí)惠及其他國家和人民，增進(jìn)了全球福祉，促進(jìn)了共同繁榮。

　Accession to the WTO has boosted China’s development and benefited the rest of the world. Propelled by a new vision of development, the Chinese economy is transitioning from rapid growth to high-quality development. China has become a major stabilizer and driving force for the world economy. China stays committed to the strategy of opening-up for win-win results, vigorously promotes the Belt and Road Initiative, and shares opportunities and benefits with other countries and their people while developing China itself, enhancing global wellbeing and common prosperity.

　站在新時(shí)代的歷史起點(diǎn)上，中國開放的大門不會(huì)關(guān)閉，只會(huì)越開越大。中國過去 40 年的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是在開放條件下取得的，未來中國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展也將在更加開放條件下進(jìn)行。中國將繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持對(duì)

　外開放基本國策，以更加積極的姿態(tài)融入經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程，實(shí)行高水平的貿(mào)易和投資自由化便利化政策，與各國構(gòu)建利益高度融合、彼此相互依存的命運(yùn)共同體。

　At the historic starting point of a new era, China’s door of opening-up will not be closed and will only open even wider. Opening-up was key to China’s economic growth over the past 40 years. In the same vein, high-quality development of China’s economy in the future can only be achieved with greater openness. China will continue adhering to the fundamental national policy of reform and opening-up. China will more proactively embrace economic globalization, adopt policies to promote high-standard liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and work together with other countries to build a community of shared future with extensive converging interests and a high degree of interdependence.

　為全面介紹中國履行加入世貿(mào)組織承諾的實(shí)踐，闡釋中國參與多邊貿(mào)易體制建設(shè)的原則立場(chǎng)和政策主張，闡明中國推進(jìn)更高水平對(duì)外開放的愿景與行動(dòng)，中國政府特發(fā)表本白皮書。

　The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to give a full account of China’s fulfillment of its WTO commitments, to explain China’s principles, stances, policies, and propositions regarding the multilateral trading system, and to describe China’s vision and actions in advancing higher-level reform and opening-up.

　一、中國切實(shí)履行加入世貿(mào)組織承諾

　I. China Has Faithfully Fulfilled Its WTO Accession Commitments

　2001 年中國加入世貿(mào)組織①以來，不斷完善社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，全面加強(qiáng)同多邊貿(mào)易規(guī)則的對(duì)接，切實(shí)履行貨物和服務(wù)開放承諾，強(qiáng)化知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，對(duì)外開放政策的穩(wěn)定性、透明度、可預(yù)見性顯著提高，為多邊貿(mào)易體制有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)作出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。

　Since China acceded to the World Trade Organization

　in 2001, it has made continued efforts to improve its socialist market economy system, further align its policies with multilateral trade rules in all areas, honor its commitments on opening trade in goods and services, and strengthen intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. Remarkable improvements have been made in enhancing the stability, transparency, and predictability of its opening-up policies. China has contributed significantly to the effective operation of the multilateral trading system.

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　1. Improving the socialist market economy and relevant legal system

　始終堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革方向。加快完善社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，健全市場(chǎng)體系，理順政府和市場(chǎng)關(guān)系，使市場(chǎng)在資源配置中起決定性作用，更好發(fā)揮政府作用。廣泛開展世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則宣傳教育，市場(chǎng)意識(shí)、競(jìng)爭意識(shí)、規(guī)則意識(shí)、法治觀念深入人心。

　Consistently reforming to develop the socialist market economy. China has accelerated efforts to improve the socialist market economy system and strengthen the market system. This has involved reorganizing the relationship between the government and the market, letting the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and the government play its role better. Education campaigns on WTO rules have been extensively rolled out, raising public awareness of the market, competition, rules and the concept of rule of law.

　不斷健全社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系。堅(jiān)持依法治國，全面遵守和執(zhí)行世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則，完善基于規(guī)則的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)法律法規(guī)，構(gòu)建符合多邊貿(mào)易規(guī)則的法律體系。加入世貿(mào)組織后，大規(guī)模開展法律法規(guī)清理修訂工作，中央政府清理法律法規(guī)和部門規(guī)章2300多件，地方政府清理地方性政策法規(guī)19萬多件，覆蓋貿(mào)易、投資和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)等各個(gè)方面。2014 年，制訂進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)貿(mào)易政策合規(guī)工作的政策文件，要求各級(jí)政府在擬定貿(mào)易政策的過程中，對(duì)照世貿(mào)組織協(xié)定及中國加入承諾進(jìn)行合規(guī)性評(píng)估。2016年，建立規(guī)范性文件合法性審查機(jī)制，進(jìn)一步清理規(guī)范性文件，增強(qiáng)公共政策制定透明度和公眾參與度。

　Continuously improving the legal system of socialist market economy. Upholding the rule of law, China has faithfully observed and implemented WTO rules, improved its laws and regulations on market economy, and built up a legal system in line with multilateral trade rules. After its accession, China launched major efforts to review and revise relevant laws and regulations, involving 2,300 laws, regulations and departmental rules at central government level, and 190,000 policies and regulations at sub-central government levels, covering trade, investment, IPR protection, etc. In 2014, China issued an official document on furthering trade policy compliance with WTO rules, requiring government at all levels to assess proposed trade policies in accordance with WTO agreements and China’s commitments. In 2016, China set up a legality review mechanism to examine normative documents, enhancing the transparency of and public participation in policy development.

　（二）履行貨物貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域開放承諾

　2. Fulfilling commitments on trade in goods

　大幅降低進(jìn)口關(guān)稅。減少進(jìn)口成本，促進(jìn)貿(mào)易發(fā)展，讓世界各國更多分享中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、消費(fèi)繁榮帶來的紅利。截至 2010 年，中國貨物降稅承諾全部履行完畢，關(guān)稅總水平由 2001 年的 15.3%降至 9.8%。其中，工業(yè)品平均稅率由 14.8%降至 8.9%；農(nóng)產(chǎn)品平均稅率由 23.2%降至 15.2%，約為世界農(nóng)產(chǎn)品平均關(guān)稅水平的四分之一，遠(yuǎn)低于發(fā)展中成員 56%和發(fā)達(dá)成員 39%的平均關(guān)稅水平。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的最高約束關(guān)稅為 65%，而美國、歐盟、日本分別為 440%、408%、1706%。

　Substantively reducing import tariffs. By reducing import costs to boost trade, China has shared its development dividend and growing markets with the rest of the world. By 2010, China had fulfilled all of its tariff reduction commitments, reducing the average tariff level from 15.3 percent in 2001 to 9.8 percent. It lowered the average tariff rate of manufactured goods from 14.8 to 8.9 percent. It cut the average tariff rate of agricultural products from 23.2 to 15.2 percent, about one fourth of the global average and far lower than those imposed by the WTO’s developing members (56 percent) and developed members (39 percent). China’s maximum bound tariff rate of agricultural products is 65 percent, while the corresponding rates of the United States, the European Union and Japan are 440, 408 and 1,706 percent respectively.

　顯著削減非關(guān)稅壁壘。減少不必要的貿(mào)易限制，促進(jìn)貿(mào)易透明暢通。截至 2005 年 1 月，中國已按加入承諾全部取消了進(jìn)口配額、進(jìn)口許可證和特定招標(biāo)等非關(guān)稅措施，涉及汽車、機(jī)電產(chǎn)品、天然橡膠等 424 個(gè)稅號(hào)產(chǎn)品；對(duì)小麥、玉米、大米、食糖、棉花、羊毛、毛條和化肥等關(guān)系國計(jì)民生的大宗商品實(shí)行關(guān)稅配額管理。

　Significantly lowering non-tariff barriers. To increase transparency and facilitate trade, China has reduced unnecessary trade restrictions. By January 2005, in accordance with its commitments, China had eliminated import quotas, import licenses, specific import tendering requirements and other non-tariff measures with regard to 424 items such as automobiles, machinery and electronics products, and natural rubber. It introduced tariff rate quota administration for important bulk commodities, i.e. wheat, corn, rice, sugar, cotton, wool, wool top, and chemical fertilizers.

　 全面放開外貿(mào)經(jīng)營權(quán)。促進(jìn)經(jīng)營主體多元化，激發(fā)各類企業(yè)開展貿(mào)易的積極性。自 2004 年 7 月起，中國對(duì)企業(yè)的外貿(mào)經(jīng)營權(quán)由審批制改為備案登記制，極大地釋放了民營企業(yè)的外貿(mào)活力，民營企業(yè)進(jìn)出口發(fā)展迅速，份額持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，成為對(duì)外貿(mào)易的重要經(jīng)營主體。民營企業(yè)和外商投資企業(yè)進(jìn)出口占全國進(jìn)出口總額的比重由 2001 年的 57.5%上升到 2017 年的 83.7%。2017 年，作為第一大出口經(jīng)營主體的民營企業(yè)出口占比達(dá) 46.6%。

　Liberalizing the right to trade. To diversify entities and stimulate their enthusiasm to engage in foreign trade, in July 2004 China replaced approval system with registration system for foreign trade authorization, releasing immense vigor of private businesses which has led to a surge of foreign trade in the private sector. With rapid growth and an increasing share of the market, private companies have become important actors in China’s foreign trade. In 2017, foreign trade by private companies and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) accounted for 83.7 percent of the country’s total trade volume, up from 57.5 percent in 2001. In 2017, Chinese private companies, which take the largest share of China"s exports, contributed 46.6 percent of all goods and services exported.

　 （三）履行服務(wù)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域開放承諾

　3. Fulfilling commitments on trade in services

　廣泛開放服務(wù)市場(chǎng)。大力推動(dòng)服務(wù)業(yè)各領(lǐng)域快速發(fā)展，提高服務(wù)業(yè)對(duì)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)。在世貿(mào)組織分類的 12 大類服務(wù)部門的 160 個(gè)分部門中，中國承諾開放 9 大類的 100 個(gè)分部門，接近發(fā)達(dá)成員平均承諾開放 108 個(gè)分部門的水平。截至 2007 年，中國服務(wù)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域開放承諾已全部履行完畢。

　Extensively opening up the services market. China has striven to boost the services industry and increase its share of contribution to the economy. Of the 160 services sub-sectors under the 12-sector WTO classification, China committed to opening up 100 sub-sectors under 9 sectors, a level approximate to the average 108 sub-sectors committed by the developed members of the WTO. By 2007, China had honored all of its commitments on trade in services.

　持續(xù)減少限制措施。逐步降低服務(wù)領(lǐng)域外資準(zhǔn)入門檻，按期取消服務(wù)領(lǐng)域的地域和數(shù)量限制，不斷擴(kuò)大允許外資從事服務(wù)領(lǐng)域的業(yè)務(wù)范圍。其中，在快遞、銀行、財(cái)產(chǎn)保險(xiǎn)等 54 個(gè)服務(wù)分部門允許設(shè)立外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)，在計(jì)算機(jī)、環(huán)境等 23 個(gè)分部門允許外資控股，在電信、鐵路運(yùn)輸、旅游等 80 個(gè)分部門給予外資國民待遇。2010 年，中國服務(wù)業(yè)吸引外商直接投資額首次超過制造業(yè)，2017 年吸引外商直接投資額占比達(dá)到 73%。

　Continuously reducing restrictions. China has step by step lowered the threshold for foreign investment to enter the services sectors in China, lifted geographical and quantitative restrictions on services according to schedule, and constantly broadened the business scope for foreign investment in the services sectors. China has permitted wholly foreign-owned enterprises in 54 sub-sectors such as courier, banking and property insurance services, allowed foreign majority ownership in 23 sub-sectors such as computer and environment services, and accorded national treatment to foreign capital in 80 sub-sectors such as telecommunication, rail transport, and tourism services. In 2010, foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into China’s services industry surpassed that into manufacturing industry for the first time. In 2017, FDI in the services industry made up 73 percent of all FDI in China.

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　 4. Fulfilling commitments on IPR protection

　加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)是中國的主動(dòng)作為。加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)是完善產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度最重要的內(nèi)容，也是提高中國經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭力最大的激勵(lì)。中國推進(jìn)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，不僅符合自身發(fā)展需要，也有助于進(jìn)一步完善法治化、國際化、便利化的營商環(huán)境。中國鼓勵(lì)中外企業(yè)開展正常技術(shù)交流合作，依法保護(hù)在華外資企業(yè)合法知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，同時(shí)，希望外國政府加強(qiáng)對(duì)中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)。

　Strengthening IPR protection on China’s own initiative. Strengthening IPR protection is the centerpiece for improving the property rights protection system, and it would provide the biggest boost to the competitiveness of the Chinese economy. It not only serves China’s own development needs, but also helps cultivate a business environment that is law-based, internationalized and business-friendly. China encourages technological exchanges and cooperation between Chinese and foreign enterprises, and protects the lawful IPR owned by foreign enterprises in China. At the same time, we hope foreign governments will also improve protection of Chinese IPR.

　構(gòu)建完備的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)法律體系。加入世貿(mào)組織后，中國建立健全知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律法規(guī)，與多個(gè)國家建立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)工作機(jī)制，積極吸收借鑒國際先進(jìn)立法經(jīng)驗(yàn)，構(gòu)建起符合世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則和中國國情的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律體系。近年來，修訂《商標(biāo)法》，增加了懲罰性賠償制度；修訂《反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭法》，進(jìn)一步完善了商業(yè)秘密的保護(hù)，同時(shí)明確市場(chǎng)混淆行為，引入標(biāo)識(shí)的概念，拓寬對(duì)標(biāo)識(shí)的保護(hù)范圍。目前，正在加快推進(jìn)《專利法》《著作權(quán)法》等法律修訂。

　Building a full-fledged legal system on IPR protection. Since acceding to the WTO, China has formulated and improved its laws and regulations on IPR protection, set up IPR working mechanisms with many countries, drawn upon advanced international legislative practices, and built an IPR legal system that conforms to WTO rules and suits national conditions of China. The amended Trademark Law sets up a system of punitive damages. The amended Anti-Unfair Competition Law improves the protection of trade secrets, identifies act of confusion, introduces the concept of sign and expands the scope of protection for sign. Currently China is working on amending the Patent Law and the Copyright Law.

　持續(xù)加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)執(zhí)法力度。強(qiáng)化知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)司法主導(dǎo)作用，把違法成本顯著提上去，把法律威懾作用充分發(fā)揮出來。重新組建國家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局，完善執(zhí)法力量，加大執(zhí)法力度。在北京、上海、廣州設(shè)立三家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院，在南京、蘇州、武漢、西安等 15 個(gè)中級(jí)法院內(nèi)設(shè)立專門審判機(jī)構(gòu)，跨區(qū)域管轄專利等知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)案件。加大行政執(zhí)法力度，針對(duì)重點(diǎn)違法領(lǐng)域，開展專利“護(hù)航”行動(dòng)、打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)侵權(quán)盜版“劍網(wǎng)”行動(dòng)、出版物版權(quán)“掃黃打非”和“秋風(fēng)”行動(dòng)、打擊侵權(quán)假冒的“網(wǎng)劍行動(dòng)”“質(zhì)檢利劍”打假行動(dòng)等專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，有效保護(hù)了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。

　Continuously strengthening law enforcement on IPR protection. China has enhanced the dominant role of the judiciary in IPR protection to significantly raise the cost for offenders and fully unlock the deterrent effect of relevant laws. The State Intellectual Property Office has been restructured to strengthen law enforcement. China has set up three IPR courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and special judicial organs at 15 intermediate courts in Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuhan, Xi’an and other cities to handle cross-regional IPR cases, including those related to patents. China strengthened administrative law enforcement on intellectual property protection and launched special campaigns targeting outstanding problems, which effectively protected intellectual property rights. Such campaigns include “Convoy Campaign” for protecting patent rights, the “Sword-net Campaign” for combating online infringement and piracy, the “Sweeping Campaign” for cracking down pornography and illegal publication in the copyright field, the “Network Sword Campaign” for combating IPR infringements and counterfeits and the “Sword Actions on Quality Control” for cracking down counterfeits.

　 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)效果明顯。從 2001 年起，中國對(duì)外支付知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)費(fèi)年均增長 17%，2017 年達(dá)到 286 億美元。2017 年，中國發(fā)明專利申請(qǐng)量達(dá)到 138.2 萬件，連續(xù) 7 年居世界首位，申請(qǐng)者中近 10%為外國單位和個(gè)人；國外來華發(fā)明專利申請(qǐng)量達(dá)到 13.6 萬件，較 2001 年 3.3 萬件的申請(qǐng)量增長了 3 倍。世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織日前公布，2017 年，中國通過《專利合作條約》途徑提交的專利申請(qǐng)受理量達(dá) 5.1萬件，僅次于美國，居全球第二位。

　Attaining notable results in IPR protection. Since 2001, intellectual property royalties paid by China to foreign right holders has registered an annual growth of 17 percent, reaching USD28.6 billion in 2017. In 2017, China received 1.382 million invention patent applications, ranking the first in the world for the seventh consecutive year. Nearly 10 percent of the applicants were foreign entities and individuals. Invention patent applications filed by foreign entities and individuals in China reached 136,000, growing by threefold compared with 33,000 in 2001. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, 51,000 patent applications filed from China through the Patent Cooperation Treaty were accepted in 2017, second only to the US.

�。ㄎ澹┞男型该鞫攘x務(wù)

　5. Fulfilling commitments on transparency

　明確提供法律制度保障�！读⒎ǚā贰缎姓�法規(guī)制定程序條例》《規(guī)章制定程序條例》明確要求法律、行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章草案須按有關(guān)規(guī)定公開征求公眾意見。全國人大常委會(huì)法工委定期出版《中華人民共和國法律》（英文版）。國務(wù)院法制機(jī)構(gòu)定期出版《中華人民共和國涉外法規(guī)匯編》（中英文對(duì)照），商務(wù)部在《中國對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易文告》中定期發(fā)布貿(mào)易政策。

　Providing a solid legal basis. The Legislation Law, the Regulations on Procedures for Formulation of Administrative Regulations, and the Regulations on Procedures for Formulation of Rules explicitly provide for the solicitation of public comments on draft laws, administrative regulations and rules. The legislative affairs commission of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress regularly publishes the Laws of the People’s Republic of China (English edition); the State Council’s legislative affairs organ regularly publishes the Laws and Regulations of the People’s Republic of China Governing Foreign-Related Matters (Chinese and English bilingual edition); and the Ministry of Commerce regularly publishes trade policies in China Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Gazette.

　全面履行世貿(mào)組織通報(bào)義務(wù)。中國按照要求定期向世貿(mào)組織通報(bào)國內(nèi)相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)和具體措施的修訂調(diào)整和實(shí)施情況。截至 2018 年 1 月，中國提交的通報(bào)已達(dá)上千份，涉及中央和地方補(bǔ)貼政策、農(nóng)業(yè)、技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、合格評(píng)定程序、國營貿(mào)易、服務(wù)貿(mào)易、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律法規(guī)等諸多領(lǐng)域。

　Comprehensively implementing the WTO notification obligations. China has submitted notifications to the WTO on a regular basis concerning the amendment, revision and implementation of relevant laws, regulations and measures as required by the WTO. By January 2018, China had submitted over one thousand notifications covering areas such as central and sub-central subsidy policies, agriculture, technical regulations, standards, conformity assessment procedures, state trading, trade in services, and IPR laws and regulations.

�。�六）為履行承諾付出巨大努力

　6. Making tremendous efforts to honor its commitments

　中國在加入世貿(mào)組織時(shí)作出廣泛而深入的開放承諾，國內(nèi)企業(yè)直接面對(duì)國際競(jìng)爭，多數(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨較大困難。中國企業(yè)主動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)，大力推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，積極參與全球價(jià)值鏈，國際競(jìng)爭力明顯提升。

　China made extensive and profound commitments on opening up when entering the WTO. Domestic companies were confronted with international competition, and most industries faced great difficulties. Rising up to these challenges, Chinese companies took the initiative to promote structural readjustment, participated in the global value chains and significantly increased their international competitiveness.

　 二、中國堅(jiān)定支持多邊貿(mào)易體制

　II. China Firmly Supports the Multilateral Trading System

　以世貿(mào)組織為核心的多邊貿(mào)易體制是國際貿(mào)易的基石，為推動(dòng)全球貿(mào)易發(fā)展、建設(shè)開放型世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)揮了中流砥柱作用。加入世貿(mào)組織以來，中國始終堅(jiān)定支持多邊貿(mào)易體制，全面參與世貿(mào)組織各項(xiàng)工作，推動(dòng)世貿(mào)組織更加重視發(fā)展中成員的關(guān)切，反對(duì)單邊主義和保護(hù)主義，維護(hù)多邊貿(mào)易體制的權(quán)威性和有效性，與各成員共同推動(dòng)世貿(mào)組織在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮更大作用。

　The multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core is the cornerstone of international trade, and has been playing a pivotal role in promoting global trade and building an open world economy. Since its accession to the WTO, China has firmly supported the multilateral trading system, participated in all aspects of WTO work. It called upon the WTO to focus more on the concerns of developing members, opposed unilateralism and protectionism, upheld the authority and efficacy of the multilateral trading system, and made concerted efforts with other members in supporting the WTO to play a greater role in economic globalization.

　（一）積極推進(jìn)貿(mào)易投資自由化便利化

　1. Liberalizing and facilitating trade and investment

　全面參與多哈回合各項(xiàng)議題談判。中國提出和聯(lián)署談判建議百份以上，推動(dòng)貿(mào)易便利化、農(nóng)業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭等多項(xiàng)議題達(dá)成協(xié)議，推動(dòng)多邊貿(mào)易體制不斷完善。2015 年，中國成為接受《貿(mào)易便利化協(xié)定》議定書的第 16 個(gè)世貿(mào)組織成員。2016 年中國擔(dān)任二十國集團(tuán)主席國期間，推動(dòng)多國完成《貿(mào)易便利化協(xié)定》的國內(nèi)批準(zhǔn)程序，為協(xié)定早日生效作出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。

　Participating fully in the Doha Round negotiations. China has submitted or co-sponsored more than 100 negotiation proposals, helped secure agreement on trade facilitation and export competition in agricultural products, and promoted the continuous improvement of the multilateral trading system. In 2015, China became the 16th WTO member to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). During its G20 presidency in 2016, China encouraged a number of countries to complete their domestic ratification procedures of the TFA, prompting the agreement’s entry into effect at an early date.

　積極推動(dòng)諸邊貿(mào)易自由化進(jìn)程。作為發(fā)展中成員，中國積極參與諸邊自由化倡議，并為談判作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。中國在加入世貿(mào)組織時(shí)參加了《信息技術(shù)協(xié)定》，在此基礎(chǔ)上深入?yún)⑴c該協(xié)定擴(kuò)圍談判，推動(dòng)各方就取消 201 項(xiàng)信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅達(dá)成協(xié)議。中國是《環(huán)境產(chǎn)品協(xié)定》談判的發(fā)起方之一，始終以積極建設(shè)性態(tài)度參與磋商，在二十國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人杭州峰會(huì)期間推動(dòng)談判達(dá)成重要共識(shí)。中國于2007 年啟動(dòng)加入《政府采購協(xié)定》談判，為加入該協(xié)定作出了積極努力。

　Promoting plurilateral trade liberalization. As a developing country, China has actively participated in plurilateral liberalization initiatives and made important contributions to relevant talks. It accepted the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) upon accession, subsequently participated in the negotiations to expand its coverage, and encouraged relevant parties to reach agreement on eliminating tariffs of 201 information technology products. As one of the initiators of the negotiations on the Environment Goods Agreement, China always participated in relevant discussions in a constructive manner, and contributed to the important consensus reached at the G20 Summit in Hangzhou. In 2007, China started the negotiation on its accession to the Agreement on Government Procurement and has been making great efforts ever since.

　有力促進(jìn)世貿(mào)組織新議題討論。中國推動(dòng)世貿(mào)組織積極回應(yīng)投資便利化、中小微企業(yè)、電子商務(wù)等世貿(mào)組織成員普遍關(guān)注的新議題并開展相關(guān)討論。發(fā)起成立“投資便利化之友”，引導(dǎo) 70 多個(gè)成員達(dá)成《關(guān)于投資便利化的部長聯(lián)合聲明》。加入“中小微企業(yè)之友”，推介中國在世貿(mào)組織相關(guān)提案中關(guān)于支持中小微企業(yè)的內(nèi)容。加入“電子商務(wù)發(fā)展之友”，積極推動(dòng)世貿(mào)組織電子商務(wù)議題多邊討論，分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)做法，幫助發(fā)展中成員從發(fā)展電子商務(wù)中受益。

　Mobilizing support for discussing new issues in the WTO. China has encouraged the WTO to respond to and discuss new topics of general interest to the members such as investment facilitation, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), and e-commerce. China initiated “Friends of Investment Facilitation for Development (FIFD)” and sponsored the Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation for Development signed by over 70 members. China joined the “Friends of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises”, and shared with other members its proposals that support MSMEs. As an advocate of multilateral discussions on e-commerce in the WTO, China joined “Friends of E-commerce for Development (FED)”, shared its experiences and helped other developing members benefit from e-commerce.

　切實(shí)履行《貿(mào)易便利化協(xié)定》。作為發(fā)展中成員，中國積極推動(dòng)實(shí)施《貿(mào)易便利化協(xié)定》。中國組建了國家貿(mào)易便利化委員會(huì)，各有關(guān)部門通力協(xié)作，提高貿(mào)易便利化水平。截至 2017 年，各省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）已經(jīng)建立了貿(mào)易便利化工作聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度，積極做好本地區(qū)貿(mào)易便利化相關(guān)工作。在履行該協(xié)定方面，中國的 A 類措施（協(xié)定生效后立即實(shí)施）所占比重達(dá)到 94.5%，目前僅保留 4 項(xiàng) B 類措施（協(xié)定生效后經(jīng)過一定過渡期后實(shí)施）。中國將嚴(yán)格履行承諾，在 3 年過渡期后如期實(shí)施 B 類措施。

　Faithfully implementing the Trade Facilitation Agreement. As a developing member, China has actively promoted the implementation of TFA. It has set up the National Committee on Trade Facilitation to coordinate the efforts of relevant government agencies to enhance trade facilitation. By 2017, China’s provinces (as well as autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had all established a joint committee mechanism for trade facilitation in their respective jurisdictions. Regarding China’s TFA commitments, 94.5 percent of all commitments fall into Category A (immediately implemented upon entry into force of the TFA), and only four items belong to Category B (implemented after a transitional period following the TFA’s entry into force). China will honor its promise and implement all the Category B measures following a transitional period of three years after entry into force of the Agreement.

�。ǘ�）有效維護(hù)爭端解決機(jī)制法律地位

　2. Safeguarding the dispute settlement mechanism

　積極維護(hù)爭端解決機(jī)制有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。世貿(mào)組織爭端解決機(jī)制為保障國際貿(mào)易可預(yù)見性、維護(hù)多邊貿(mào)易體制穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮了重要作用。中國積極參與改進(jìn)爭端解決程序的談判，支持世貿(mào)組織上訴機(jī)構(gòu)獨(dú)立公正開展上訴審議工作。針對(duì)當(dāng)前個(gè)別世貿(mào)組織成員阻撓上訴機(jī)構(gòu)成員遴選，中國與 60 多個(gè)成員聯(lián)署提案，努力推動(dòng)盡快啟動(dòng)遴選程序。

　 Safeguarding the effective operation of the dispute settlement mechanism. The WTO dispute settlement mechanism has played a vital role in maintaining the predictability of international trade and the stability of the multilateral trading system. China has actively participated in the negotiations on improving the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes and supports the independence and impartiality of the WTO Appellate Body. Despite the attempt of certain WTO member to obstruct the appointment of members of the Appellate Body, China joined more than 60 members in submitting a proposal on starting the selection process at the earliest possible date.

　妥善處理與其他成員的貿(mào)易糾紛。中國主張通過世貿(mào)組織爭端解決機(jī)制妥善解決貿(mào)易爭端。按照事項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至 2018 年 4 月，中國在世貿(mào)組織起訴案件 17 項(xiàng)，已結(jié)案 8 項(xiàng)；被訴案件 27 項(xiàng)，已結(jié)案 23項(xiàng)。中國通過主動(dòng)起訴，遏制了少數(shù)世貿(mào)組織成員的不公正做法，維護(hù)了自身貿(mào)易利益和世貿(mào)規(guī)則權(quán)威。中國積極應(yīng)對(duì)被訴案件，尊重并認(rèn)真執(zhí)行世貿(mào)組織裁決，作出了符合世貿(mào)規(guī)則的調(diào)整，無一例被起訴方申請(qǐng)報(bào)復(fù)的情況。

　Properly handling trade disputes with other WTO members. China supports WTO members to solve their trade disputes within the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. By April 2018, China had brought 17 disputes to the WTO, of which 8 had been concluded. Meanwhile, China had been complained against in 27 disputes, of which 23 had been concluded. By lodging complaints in the WTO, China redressed other members’ violation of obligations under the covered agreements, and defended its own trade interests as well as the authority of WTO rules. China also actively defended the cases against it, respected the WTO rulings, and made adjustments to its measures according to WTO rules. Up to now, none of the complainants has requested for retaliation against China.

�。ㄈ�）深度參與貿(mào)易政策審議

　3. Fully participating in trade policy review

　認(rèn)真接受成員的貿(mào)易政策監(jiān)督。世貿(mào)組織貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)制有助于增加多邊貿(mào)易體制的透明度。中國高度重視貿(mào)易政策審議，已接受世貿(mào)組織六次審議，并正在積極準(zhǔn)備即將于 2018 年 7 月進(jìn)行的世貿(mào)組織對(duì)中國的第七次貿(mào)易政策審議。中國始終以開放坦誠的姿態(tài)，介紹宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易投資政策發(fā)展情況，聽取其他成員對(duì)中國改革開放的意見和建議。世貿(mào)組織成員贊賞中國參與審議的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為中國履約、合規(guī)、開放的良好形象為發(fā)揮審議機(jī)制作用樹立了典范。

　Attaching great importance to trade policy monitoring by other WTO members. The WTO trade policy review (TPR) mechanism is effective in enhancing the transparency of the multilateral trading system. China places great emphasis on the TPR process. Having undergone six TPRs on itself, China is preparing for the seventh one in July 2018. In an open and frank manner, China has briefed the WTO membership on its macro-economic, trade and investment policies, and listened attentively to their comments and suggestions on China’s reform and opening-up. Other WTO members applaud China’s active participation and regard China as an impressive example in reinforcing the role of TPR in monitoring commitments, ensuring compliance and enhancing openness.

　敦促其他成員遵守多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定。加入世貿(mào)組織以來，中國參與世貿(mào)組織對(duì)其他成員審議近 300 次，向被審議成員提交書面問題和貿(mào)易關(guān)注數(shù)千項(xiàng)，敦促其他成員遵守世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則和有關(guān)承諾，為維護(hù)和強(qiáng)化審議機(jī)制功能發(fā)揮了積極作用。

　Urging other WTO members to abide by multilateral trade agreements. Since its accession to the WTO, China has participated in nearly 300 TPRs on other members. It raised thousands of written questions and

　trade concerns to the members under review, urged them to abide by the WTO rules and their commitments, and played a positive role in safeguarding and strengthening the TPR mechanism.

�。ㄋ模┤�力支持發(fā)展中國家融入多邊貿(mào)易體制

　4. Vigorously supporting the integration of developing members into the multilateral trading system

　支持世貿(mào)組織將發(fā)展作為工作重心。確保發(fā)展中國家尤其是最不發(fā)達(dá)國家從國際貿(mào)易中獲益，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長是世貿(mào)組織宗旨之一。作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，中國對(duì)發(fā)展中成員在參與全球價(jià)值鏈分工、參與國際經(jīng)貿(mào)治理等方面面臨的困難表示關(guān)切，努力推動(dòng)貿(mào)易為實(shí)現(xiàn) 2030 年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。

　Supporting the WTO to focus on development. An important objective of the WTO is to ensure that developing members, especially least-developed country members, benefit from international trade and boost their economic growth. As the largest developing country, China understands the difficulties of developing members to benefit from the global value chains and participate in international economic and trade governance. China worked hard to make trade an enabler of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

　向其他發(fā)展中成員提供務(wù)實(shí)有效的支持。加大對(duì)發(fā)展中成員特別是最不發(fā)達(dá)國家成員援助力度，促進(jìn)縮小南北發(fā)展差距。截至 2018 年 3 月，已對(duì) 36 個(gè)建交且已完成換文手...

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