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l(f)rg:2020-06-02 Դ: ӛȫ c

gߣ Уߣߣ

}עĸ(j)Catherine PorterӢgWhat is Enlightenment?Paul RabinowM. Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, The New Press, 1997, pp. 303-319.g(j)ıУӆDits et ecritsvol. IV., pp. 562-578, \"Quest-ce que les Lumieres?, Paris, Gallimard, 1994

I.

мs־Լx߂һ}@ôĿֻᘌÿ˶ѽ(jng)Ҋijһ}ԃҊ˵óʲô–|Dz̫ܵġ18o(j)ľ݋tϲg򹫱ЩПoQkĆ}Ҳ֪@N(x)TǷЧһcԿ϶

ôfc@NL(fng)협(yng)178411£@ôһҵ‡ڿ¿dˌһ}Ĵ(f)}ǣʲôdž(f)ߣ

@SֻƪСҿ(bio)־Ȼij}˼ʷ@}F(xin)܌W(xu)ț]ش𣬿ҲδɹԔ[Ó@}ɰһֱԶNͬʽ؏(f)Ժڸ_ʼg(jng)^ɻR˹fȻ󵽻˺ĬؐR˹׺]һN܌W(xu)ܻر@ͬһ}òijNֱӻgӵķʽ挦ô@Q醢ɣAufklärung¼@һ̶ϛQ҂˼¼ʲôأ҂O(sh)һ¿Ȼx߂ԃ@һ}ʲôǬF(xin)܌W(xu)S҂ҲƵķʽF(xin)܌W(xu)@һN܌W(xu)һֱڱMԇDشɰǰdzQ(mo)Ȼǂ}ʲôdžɣ

҂Mc򣬁µôcԭֵ҂P(gun)ע

1. HHڿ´İl(f)ăɂǰM. T ɣMoses MendelssohnҲͬһs־(f)ͬһ}^׫ԼĴ(f)rδxǰߵ‡܌W(xu)\Ӯ(dng)ȻǡÏһ_ʼq̫Ļ°l(f)չT ɺRһӣڴǰs30ѽ(jng)ǂcֱǕr}߀ֻǞq̫Ļڵ‡˼бٳһϯ֮أRġq̫ˡо^@NLԇҪǴ_q̫˼c‡܌W(xu)ͬRĆ}@T ڡ쳶`Փ`IJࡷ[1]ͨ^¿Ͽd@ƪ˂_ʼJ(rn)RZеġAufklärungھwZġHaskalaͬһvʷ@ɂ~Ŭ_a(chn)Ĺͬ^SҲǽQijNͬ\[2]F(xin)҂֪(do)ӵıˡ

2. Ȼԭ߀HHoՓ߀Ǿ̂y(tng)(ni)ĵ뵶һ†}

@(dng)Ȼ܌W(xu)˼һԇD˼ĬF(xin)ڣpresentw҂f@N˼ǰҪȡNʽ

(1) ԌF(xin)ڱ@һضrͨ^ijЩ(ni)ڵԅ^(q)erͨ^ijЩ¼crx@NJ(rn)RڰDġμƪԒJ(rn)RԼ̎Щѭh(hun)еһڡ@ѭh(hun)֮uBl(f)NӵķԺ

(2) ͨ^@һNŬF(xin)|(zh)ԃԇDĬF(xin)֮нxijһ¼A(y)ʾԘ(bio)־ڴ҂յijNvʷጌW(xu)ԭtW˹ԮԞ

(3) ߀ԌF(xin)ijD(zhun)cSڡ¿ƌW(xu)ĩһL@һcеġ족ǡһNȫ˵鲼ȫٔ(sh)λĪþڽy(tng)@硱
족߀ǡWޡ̎Wҫ˵Ĺx(gu)ҸƷS[3]

F(xin)Ɇ}ķʽȫһˣȷijˏČٵijһrǿԏwN(bio)־¼ҲijNɾ͵_һN׺ȫǷԵķʽ綨ҕ֮顰Ausgangڡ·ՓvʷżҲ̽ӑijNvʷM̵Դߴ_@NM̃(ni)ڵĿՓڌTӑՓɵֻ̽ӑP(gun)F(xin)rԵĆ}ijNwԻKOĿĞA(ch)F(xin)ijNcʲôӵIJ

3. Ҳڴ̽ӑ@ƪµļ(x)(ji)^mȻsֻ̎̎ccԼJ(rn)ҪɫԱ⿵P(gun)F(xin)ڵ܌W(xu)}

_xָ醢ġ·һ҂ġ족B(ti)ų^̡fġ족ָĄt҂־ضB(ti)@NB(ti)ʹ҂Ҫ\ԵI(lng)s˙(qun)(do)eӣ(dng)һ҂֪(dng)һλ҂ģ(dng)һλt(y)҂Ҏ(gu)ʳ˕r҂̎ڲB(ti)֮Сڴ혱һ䣺mf±δ҂߀Ǻ׿@cuζôfҎ(gu)ˆɵnj־(qun)͌Ե\@“(lin)ϵļȴP(gun)ϵijND(zhun)׃

҂Ҳע⵽±@һ·ķʽஔ(dng)@·һNF(xin)һNM֮е^Ҳһ΄(w)һx(w)_xָ˂(yng)IJB(ti)ؓ(f)؟(z)҂òƶֻԼ׃Լܔ[Ó@NB(ti)ֵעǣJ(rn)@һһlxĿ̖F(xin)@̖һNʾ(bio)־ijN˂ԓ(j)໥Re
߀һlһl˂ÁʾԼh˵Ľ̌(do)ô@̌(do)ʲôAude sapereJ(rn)RҪȥ֪š͛Qġ҂횼Ȱцһwc^֌ҕһš֮ɂɵО˼ԓ^̵Ę(gu)Ҫֳ䮔(dng)@ͬһ^̵Єc@һ^ԓ^еЄߣ^̵İl(f)˂QɞԸЄߞǰ

µ@F(xin)˵cyMenschheit@~ʹ÷ʽ֪ڿµĚvʷ^@һҪZ҂Ƿ(yng)ԓ@ô⣺ȫwˆ^@Nrô҂횰цɿӰ푵μB(ti)һNvʷ׃҂ǷҲ@⣺dž׃ʹ@ԣ@漰һ}@׃ʲôڴ˽oĻشஔ(dng)?sh)ĺôf@}ƺ(ni)sஔ(dng)(f)s

Ҏ(gu)ҪÓIJB(ti)횾߂cǰǾԵģƶԵЂ⺭⺭

һcǰᣬ_^(q)ַĵI(lng)c\ԵI(lng)Þ֪ıҪֻܷҪظ˲B(ti)
܊¼o(j)Ι(qun)ڽ̙(qun)ͨʹľ@N˼SʽҪ_(d)B(ti)ٱҪ֮rڱ֪MԸ\ԁ˼Sĕr҂ע⵽̎ԭʹõĵ~ǡräsonierenСҲ^@~ָԵһN\njָһN\ԵضʽԄeoĿ\Զ\ԡԼĶͬrԸ̽ӑ{ƶȣ
λMԼ̅^(q)ķ(w)֮؟(z)ڽ̽xɵ\ͨ^@ЩƺȫǬСµDV҂_(d)B(ti)Ę(bio)־

҂ܕ룬@]ʲô؄er֪16o(j)ԁһֱ@ӵ⺭һֻҪ횷ĵ͑(yng)Ը˼ę(qun)Ҳ@һcijNஔ(dng)˳@ķʽһN^(q)֣Ե˽\c_\ã^SaԾ乫_\öԱɵ˽\Ät(yng)혏ĵġ˼v@ͨ^֪෴

҂ٱ횰ц}ø_Щfʲô(gu)ˌԵ˽\һI(lng)˽\J(rn)(dng)˳ˡCϵһwX݆rԵ\þ˽µ\@Ҳf(dng)аijNɫǏij헹ʿ{ˡ񸦻͕rһh(hun)(ji)
ɴ˰l(f)F(xin)Լ̎һ޶λϣòضҎ(gu)tضĿġ@ôfҪ˂һζäҪ\ԼԕrҪm(yng)@ЩҎ(gu)r
ҲfԱ횏Č]ľwĿ@һc҂fԲκɵ\

һ(dng)ijֻǞ\ԼԶ\ԣ(dng)һ\ԵڣǙCϵһwX݆\еһT@rԵ\þͱȻ(yng)ԓɺ͹_ɲHHǂJ(rn)RԼ˼ɫ@ñϵ^(dng)ձ_\ñ˴˯BһĕrɲŕF(xin)

@҂Ȼͱ회µĂ}҂Լ˼ɰl(f)F(xin)Եձ\ã[Óκ˽˵Ŀģ邀ww飻
ͬ҂Ҳܺ׵ؿ@N\÷ʽοԲܵκ|(zh)һN񶨵ķʽõCǷNԵĹ_\εõC҂Ҋɲ(yng)ԓεӰ푵ȫwĿw^Ҳ(yng)ԓHHҕ邀Ҏ(gu)ijNx(w)F(xin)һΆ}F(xin)ʲôr}P(gun)IҪڂ˶M֔(jn)طĵrԵ\܉ȡҪĹ_ʽ֪ěQ܉ڴͥV֮µõ؞ڽY(ji)β̎Ԏ׺ȫĴoҴsһĽh҂ԷQ֮cԌ֮sthe contract of rational despotism with free reasonԹ_ɵ\ɞĵѱ(dng)Ȼ@߀üһ헗lЩ횵õĵԭt횷ձ

҂µӑՓһҽzoJ(rn)@ƪ³ֱˆ
Ҳ]һλvʷW(xu)ҕJ(rn)18o(j)ĩcĻD(zhun)͵ķ˝M

ԒmM@ƪľwҲ^̧ڿwеĵλбҪ{(dio)@ƪcС֮gP(gun)“(lin)HǰцһvʷD(zhun)cmoment@һc_ʼ\ԼκΙ(qun)
F(xin)ǡǡ@D(zhun)c҂Ҫе΄(w)ڴ_(dng)\ԵǰlĶ_҂֪ʲô҂ʲô҂ֿϣʲônjԵIJ(dng)\ϻXl(f)˽̗lxɣheteronomy
ֻ_޶(dng)\Եԭtܴ֮_ԵɣautonomyijNxρfӛdچ𲽳܉E
^fһеĕr

J(rn)֮߀бҪ{(dio)@ƪcvʷՓ֮gP(gun)“(lin)@Щஔ(dng)̶Ͽfڴ_rgă(ni)ںĿԼvʷڅĽKc(c̎xһ)

@ɵķ͌@Nvʷ綨ijB(ti)M(j)w\ӼλF(xin)rԡ^@NͬrҲʾÿһ@һضĚvʷD(zhun)cĂwζijNضʽГ(dn)@һw^̵؟(z)

҃AJ(rn)飬ijNxρf@ƪ̎Է˼͚vʷ˼ĽcǿŒԼ˜I(y)ĬF(xin)rԵķ˼һλ܌W(xu)һضĚvʷD(zhun)cԼµĹoԼ@oɲǵһҿһλ܌W(xu)@Nă(ni)ֵзʽ̽ԼĹ֪Rxַ˼˚vʷ߀wԼڌҲ֮ǂضĚvʷD(zhun)c߽Y(ji)һ@ǵһڰѡ족ͬrvʷеIJһNض܌W(xu)΄(w)Cķ˼УҲ׽@ƪµ·f֮̎

J(rn)飬@Ӂ@ƪ҂͕J(rn)RһNl(f)cĸòԷQ֮F(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȡ

II.

֪˂(jng)ѬF(xin)fһrǘ(bio)־һrһϵͬF(xin)Եľ궨λ֮ǰһЩɻfǰF(xin)֮tijNĪy˓^ĺF(xin)ɴ҂l(f)F(xin)Լ׷F(xin)Ƿ(gu)ˆɵĺl(f)չǷ(yng)ҕ錦18o(j)ԭtĔѻƫx

^µ@ƪҲʲô҂ܰѬF(xin)ԸĿһNB(ti)һΚvʷr^B(ti)ȡָһNcF(xin)r԰l(f)P(gun)“(lin)ģʽһNijЩԸx֮һN˼XОeֹķʽ̎̎wF(xin)ijNwP(gun)ϵF(xin)һ΄(w)ocϣDfľ|(zh)ethosJ(rn)҂fІʾxIJڌF(xin)cǰF(xin)򡰺F(xin)^(q)_Ŭ̽F(xin)ԵđB(ti)γʼ̎cNF(xin)ԡB(ti)ȵĠ(zhn)֮

Ҵһλ׺DzɺԵ@NF(xin)ԵđB(ti)˂VJ(rn)F(xin)ԵXR19o(j)JR֮һDzR

1. ˂(jng)ѬF(xin)Ը錦rgķBm(x)ԵXRcy(tng)ěQ·fڲȥĕrǰѣ(dng)RF(xin)Խ綨顰^̕żȻ[4]ĕr_(d)ƺ@˼ҪɞF(xin)J(rn)R@Noֹ\ᘌ@һ\ӲȡijNضB(ti)ijNĖ|ȲڬF(xin)ڕr֮ҲڬF(xin)֮ڬF(xin)֮ڌ@֮²׽֮УwF(xin)đB(ti)ȡF(xin)Բͬڕrֻڌrg
F(xin)@һNB(ti)ȣٳ˂լF(xin)rСӢۡһF(xin)Բnjڶ̕wŵĬF(xin)ڵnjF(xin)ڡӢۻ־

ҌHӑՓRP(gun)cͬrLˇg(sh)uՓͲRͬrЩ҂J(rn)19o(j)ķªֻLŴ۹RȡЦLеĬF(xin)ԲwF(xin)ڰѺρF(xin)܌ɫYF(xin)顰҂rķ֪̎rյĕrУ҂ĕrc֮g|(zh)ö]֮ȥP(gun)ϵ@βͺ²HwF(xin)ձƽȵ߀бF(xin)`Ԋ@һLКʬˣ隚ʬˣΚʬYa(chn)Aʬˡ҂eijNY[5]@NF(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȣRЕrʹgӿ϶oӖ(xn)ԵʽζLسʬF(xin)o҂ゃo(qun)ҕF(xin)ڡ

2.@NӢۻoǷSԵġF(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȲSֲȥĕr̻?q)û̧ߵʥλ?dng)Ȼoڌȥĕr̮(dng)һD(zhun)˲ŵ@DZDzRԸQ֮^ߣspectatorˑB(ti)@Щߣflneur@Щoe^MڱԼ۾һLӛăc@Щ෴R@LF(xin)Եˣ@߰ܰҰԿ϶@@лSĹª@Ƭ̲ͣشԽ嫵ԻĮΚvһȼ߸ЩĿձͬSԿvŵĿڌijNSҷQ֮\"F(xin)ԡԡяĕrгȡ[ښvʷеԊԵҪĹ[6]Rؕ˹(dng)?sh)Constantin GuysF(xin)Եһ䷶һ^һղߵ^֮κWԊSĵط
κεطֻҪһNԳʬF(xin)ǰֻҪȻ˺͂y(tng)˳F(xin)һNصֻ֮ҪꖹҫˉĄdepraved animal˲gĿ옷[7]

҂Ʉeeؕ˹(dng)?sh)ɲһ
R֮԰һܳĬF(xin)ң鮔(dng)l(xing)ĕrs_ʼ˹׃ǂò(do)µĸ׃ȡF(xin)ǬF(xin)cɵУexercise֮gһN(f)s໥
ȻĖ|ֹȻĖ|ҲֹwČǡxһNģ(chung)ߵ`һӵijM[8]ڬF(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȶԣF(xin)ڵSrֵc@һNĘOȿֲ_ģѬF(xin)cͬĖ|ǴݚF(xin)ڣͨ^լF(xin)ĠB(ti)׃F(xin)ڲRĬF(xin)F(xin)ĘOP(gun)עڴˌ(yng)һNɵČ`߼nj@һF(xin)nj@һF(xin)ě_

3. ȻRfF(xin)ԲHHcF(xin)ڵһNP(gun)ϵʽ߀DZc_P(gun)ϵһNP(gun)ϵʽF(xin)ԌݵđB(ti)ȾSϵһNxĿxҪɞF(xin)ǷǵóJ(rn)Լڶ̕wŵĕr֮ҪԼ(dng)ijN󣬼Dy(f)sľҲDzRǕrĕrdԒQʎӣdandysmeҲڴһһ׷@ЩV֪ՓՓֱӵıԡ
Փɻȱҷ
Փ(yu)Žu˱ɲڽ߀ҪƵĽڡ̎΢sIJͽϡ
߀ՓʎӵĿxͨ^ԼwОXw汾׃һˇg(sh)ƷڲRF(xin)˵˲ȥl(f)Լl(f)ܺ[挍ҪȥŬ(chung)Լ@NF(xin)ԲҪ˱Ĵ֮нԼʹ挦Լ΄(w)

4. ׌aһ䡣ڲRF(xin)ڷSʽӢۻ׃F(xin)òΑʽČҵľ죬@ЩwжռʲôλֻһͬI(lng)ó(chung)R@I(lng)Qˇg(sh)

Ҳͨ^@Ȏׂcܸ18o(j)ĩڵĆ@һ(f)sĚvʷ¼^ȥăɂo(j)ԸNĿF(xin)ĬF(xin)ԵđB(ti)ȡ

һֱڏ{(dio)ɷĆ}һ棬һNض͵܌W(xu)׷ʲôӵij̶ϸֲچ@N׷֮cF(xin)ڵP(gun)ϵ˵ĚvʷģʽԼһwҵĘ(gu)һһ{놖}I(lng)
һԌ҂c“(lin)Y(ji)}j(lu)ؽ̗lԭtڲ༤ijNB(ti)ijN܌W(xu)ľ|(zh)҂Ԍ錦҂̎vʷrijֺҴdzԵعһ@N|(zh)

A. Է

1. @N|(zh)ζܗ^Čɵġ֡ҿ҂Ȼஔ(dng)هһϵ(jng)ƶȼĻ¼(gu)һЃ(yu)ȵλķI(lng)
Σһ헌McɵĚvʷֱ“(lin)Y(ji)˜I(y)(gu)һ҂ڿ]܌W(xu)}
_܌W(xu)˼SһNضʽͨ^µDʾ@һc

@fǵÌɱʾǔѵrǡǡζ횾ܗһпܕijNλČxʽF(xin)Ҫô܆ɲxy(tng)ЩJ(rn)@ǿ϶Եg(sh)ZһЩ˄tָ؟(z)eˣҪôІŬ[Óԭt˂ͬǰHһ҂?ni)ֻǰѡqCġ(x)e뒶֣sȻ_(jng)ܰЩҪصă(yu)߀δܔ[Ó@N

҂ŬijN̶ɚvʷ޶ĴڣطԼ@ӵķ(yng)ԓһϵбMܾ(x)Ěvʷ׷ǻԵָԵı|(zh)(ni)ˡessential kernel of rationality򡰱ȻԵĮ(dng)ޡcontemporary limits of the necessaryǰ߿چҵκr¶(yng)ԓõS
Ҳnjw҂Ę(gu)ɶԣǻDzxЩ|

2. ˵x[9]cɃ֮gױһڌ҂Mгm(x)Еr횱@һc҂ʼKӛһһϵ¼һϵЏ(f)sĚvʷ^λښWl(f)չ^ijһضĹ(ji)c֮ϡɱD(zhun)͵Ҫƶȵ֪Rʽ֪Rc`Ի^̵Ӌg(sh)ϵͻ׃Ҷh(yun)ֹһɷN]һԒvȻ@ЩF(xin)SֱԺҪQҿֻЌF(xin)ڵķ˼P(gun)“(lin)ģʽ܌W(xu)˼ʽ(j)

˵xtcȫͬһ}_еfһϵ}(jng)Lĕrgڶ֮ښWﷴ(f)F(xin)ҿǠϵrֵД@Щ}ă(ni)Sֵărֵ^϶H@ľ޴߀һֱ䮔(dng)һNԵą^(q)ԭt17o(j)˵xF(xin)錦̵л?q)ڽ̵ĿwһNcϵՓɫh(yun)Ŀʽ˵xĻ˵x19o(j)tЌƌW(xu)օuB(ti)ȵđՓ˵xc֮෴ČԼϣĸͬһNƌW(xu)ϵ˵xR˼xһN˵xxc˸xˡ˂߀ôһΕrg(jng)oxwF(xin)˵xrֵ^Ǖr˹xҲf˵x

҂^ܾʹJ(rn)飬(jng)c˵xBĖ|ҪܗǑ(yng)ԓY(ji)@ӵJ(rn)RP(gun)˵xӑՓ}̫^`̫^s̫ȱһ؞֮Ė|m鷴˼ą(zhn)Œϣُ17o(j)ԁ^˵xĖ|һֱهһЩڽƌW(xu)Ų^P(gun)˵^˵xþbcCP(gun)˵^ôfԺߞС

@һP(gun)“(lin)(j)е҂ᘌԼֺĄ(chung)죬(j)@ӵԭtچP(gun)ĚvʷR̎ںĵλԭt@lط(f)͹F(xin)һ؞˵xеӑՓ}@һl(f)҃AJ(rn)飬c˵x֮gһNP(gun)ϵͬһP(gun)ϵ

J(rn)ʲôrc˵x@ߓһΣU
ңĚvʷĽǶȁ@ҲDz_еġfP(gun)˵xߵĆ}18o(j)ﶼҪλԒJ(rn)@׺f醢ҕһN˵xͬrҲбҪע⵽19o(j)ʥ򲼿˹@ӵˁfdzҪĞ16o(j)˵xޚvʷĹcɺ18o(j)ʼK໥ÓxģЕr_19o(j)ҲЃA?q)c˵x@ߌ(c̎xһ)

̶ٲdڌһăA

ôfJ(rn)҂횏ġɷǔѡ֪ϺϵĒЌҽÓһӣ҂Ҳ횔[Ó˵x}cɆ}һՄ@һNښvʷ͵x϶Ļy^҂Ҫ҂ԼԼ^ȥXRôc˵x֮g^ȥɂo(j)ď(f)sP(gun)ϵMоͲʧһHЃrֵҪn}

B. ϶Է

MҪA(y)@Щ}挦һN܌W(xu)ľ|(zh)Ė|҂@Ȼ߀x߿϶Եă(ni)@N܌W(xu)|(zh)(jng)P(gun)҂ijNvʷwՓڌ҂˼֮

1.Ԍ@N܌W(xu)|(zh)һNޑB(ti)ȡlimit-attitude҂F(xin)ڲӑՓһNܗˑB(ti)҂ò[Óⲿһ(ni)@һǴ˼˵x񣬲ò̎߅HɌ޵ķc˼MɵġȻµĆ}ڣJ(rn)Rsavoirʲô֪RconnaissanceòŗԽexceedingģ
ôҿP(gun)I}tD(zhun)ijN϶ԵĆ}ЩձȻx(w)҂ϵĖ|ЩڪżȻsĮa(chn)Ė|ռ(j)ʲôӵλ֮}P(gun)IڣԱȻԽʽչ_УD(zhun)ijNԽfranchissementʽF(xin)Č`

@֌(do)һN@ҊĺвԌձrֵʽY(ji)(gu)ĿĵČ`չ_ijЩ¼Ěvʷ죬@Щ¼(jng)(do)҂(gu)҂顢˼ԵwJ(rn)R@x@NвdzԽԵģĿ(bio)ҲڴٳһNζόW(xu)ǾVϵW(xu)ķͿŌW(xu)ķ֮f@NǿŌW(xu)򞳬ԽIJڴ_֪RconnaissanceпܵĵЄӵձY(ji)(gu)ڌ_(d)҂˼ԼԒZ˷Ěvʷ¼̽ӑ
ͬr֮f@NVϵW(xu)ģٸ(j)҂ǵʽݳ҂֪Ė|ʹ҂ɞ҂ǵǷNżȻԣcontingencyxijNԁ@N҂Բ҂ǡ˼ȥȥСȥ˼

@NЌڴٳijNKɞƌW(xu)ζόW(xu)M܏V؞鲻_Čɵ׷ṩµĴل

2.Ȼ҂MP(gun)ɵĔԻ룬J(rn)@NvʷһԵđB(ti)߀횾߂䌍Ե|(zh)ҵ˼f@Nᘌ҂չ_Ĺһ_һµĚvʷ׷I(lng)һ߀ҪF(xin)realityF(xin)rlactualitMЙz򞣬@ɷ涼ðվ߂l(f)׃ĿcҪԵЩP(gun)(ji)c__е׃ʽ@fP(gun)҂ĚvʷwՓ횔[ӕQձԻصԵӋ䌍҂(j)(jng)֪^Ҫ[ÓF(xin)rĿwrԱƶP(gun)һNһ˼ʽһNĻһ^ĿwI@N•ֻ܌(do)ЩΣUĂy(tng)ď(f)

ҌԸxijЩwضD(zhun)ʽ^ȥ20CijЩ^(q)߂҂c˼ķʽc(qun)P(gun)“(lin)֮gP(gun)ϵԼ҂dcķʽ
ҲԸxЩԴښvʷc`B(ti)֮g໥“(lin)ϵIJԵD(zhun)ԸЩⲻ^ƶ20o(j)һ؏(f)˵˵ĻI

mᘌ҂бwՓ@N܌W(xu)|(zh)錦Щ҂пԽĽMеһNvʷһ`ԵęzĶҲ҂Լɴڵ_չĹ

3. ⣬®hoȫеģ҂Լ@NʼKDzֲֵ׷zסyбԼȟoR֟oƵĸձԵĽY(ji)(gu)ҵΣU

@}Ѓcؑ(yng)҂Ĵ_òʹ˷ŗõP(gun)ڿܘ(gu)҂vʷ޵Ė|κ_֪Rconnaissance(j)@N^cԼĽԼԽ@Щ޵Ŀ҂Փ͌`ɷwʼKڽc(ni)޶
f҂Ǖ»صl(f)c

Ȼ@fеĹֻڟożȻĠB(ti)֮չ_҂̽ӑ@헹һԡϵy(tng)ͬ|(zh)ԼP(gun)Iڡ

1P(gun)I

@ЩP(gun)I}wF(xin)ڿɷQ֮顰c(qun)֮gP(gun)ϵՓ֮҂֪18o(j)wϻһoĂZϣԼg(sh)l(f)Ӱcw˵ͬrf(xi){(dio)LA(ch)ġM҂߀ԿĚvʷ@ȡcZɘ(gu)Ҫأ@һcҲSصĚvʷ\ĸԴ@\˵⮐c׃܉E˵؄eôľձ֧ĵλF(xin)LcԵL@֮gP(gun)ϵɲ18o(j)J(rn)ôΡ҂Մ?w)Խ?jng)Ŀ(bio)a(chn)߀{(dio)؞ּƶֻǸNԱͨļg(sh)҂ѽ(jng)԰l(f)F(xin)
ʽӵļg(sh)f˶Nӵę(qun)P(gun)ϵ缯wԻwԵļo(j)ԇҵę(qun)۾Ӆ^(q)ʹҎ(gu)f}P(gun)IڣLβܔ[Ó(qun)P(gun)ϵď

2ͬ|(zh)

@͌҂ˌɷQ֮顰`ϵy(tng)I(lng)Ŀ졣҂ڴfͬ|(zh)˂ijʬF(xin)Ҳһo֪ěQėlµă(ni)cʽf˂µļg(sh)һMԼ·ʽЩʽ
@Щ`ӲԵһ棬tڮ(dng)@Щ`ϵy(tng)•rɵ،(yng)׃ΑҎ(gu)t߂@Щg(sh)c@һ`I(lng)Ծʹ˴_@ЩvʷһԷͬ|(zh)

3ϵy(tng)

@Щ`ϵy(tng)ԴVI(lng)򣺌ĿƵP(gun)ϵ˵ЄӵP(gun)ϵԼԼP(gun)ϵ@f@I(lng)˴֮goP(gun)“(lin)֪Ŀc˵P(gun)ϵнģc˵P(gun)ϵֿǕ浽cԼP(gun)ϵ֮ȻȻ҂Ҫ]֪R(qun)c@SԵ|(zh)Լ໥֮gP(gun)“(lin)QԒfP(gun)҂ĚvʷwՓòشһϵ_ԵĆ}SS׷@Щ׷ԏ(f)sxҲԾw޶Ϳ҂x漰ϵy(tng)Ć}҂?ni)α?gu)֪Rw҂?ni)α?gu)ʹ(qun)P(gun)ϵڙ(qun)P(gun)ϵw҂α(gu)Єӵĵw

4ձ

һcb@ЩvʷһԵ뿼ʼK(zhn)ijһwزr޶Č`cԒZwϵfǷdzw_پ҂Ե@ЩR}ձ؏(f)͹@҂ĕrǽȫcey֮gP(gun)ϵc֮gP(gun)ϵc֮gP(gun)ϵԼP(gun)ϵĽɫȵȡ

Ȼ@NձԣJ(rn)ͨ^ԽrgȵijvʷBm(x)׷҂Ҫ̽ӑĆ}ҲJ(rn)̽ĸN׃҂횰յģ҂̽ӑĆ}˽̶֮ʹę(qun)ʽ
҂֮ͨ^ijNضĆ}problematization_NwЄҎ(gu)tԼcԼP(gun)ϵĸNģʽеP(gun)Ľ(jng)򞣬tֻܽ(gu)޶Ěvʷ}^̼ȷW(xu)xϵijB(ti)ҲǾʷ|(zh)ϵ׃҂ÿ솖}ĸNģʽ[(modes de) problmatizations]ԱNĚvʷʽеձ⺭

һY(ji)ص¡Ҳ֪҂Ƿ܉_(d)B(ti)µijSཛ(jng)ʹ҂ɵĚvʷ¼δʹ҂ɞij҂Ҳδ_(d)@ӵĠB(ti)Dzôfҿͨ^˼ɶ(gu)ČF(xin)c҂׷xJ(rn)^ȥăɂo(j)µķ˼һֱǷNʧҪԻЧԵ܌W(xu)˼Sʽ҂(dng)Ȼ܌P(gun)бwՓҕһNՓҲܰһײeе֪RwϵǑ(yng)ԓһNB(ti)һN|(zh)һN܌W(xu)@NB(ti)|(zh)܌W(xu)֮У҂֮(ni)ͬrҲɞP(gun)ڏӽo҂Ľ޵ĚvʷɞԽ@Щ޵Ŀԣde leur franchissement possibleČ򞡣

҂횰@N܌W(xu)B(ti)D(zhun)QN׷΄(w)@Щ׷ķ߉݋ھCϲÿŌW(xu)VϵW(xu)ķͬr鼼g(sh)ԵͺͲԵΑČ`
@Щ׷Փ߉݋ڴ_҂c˼P(gun)ϵձܵ}̎Ěvʷʽ
@Щ׷gČ`߉݋tP(gun)עvʷһԷ˼w`ӵćLԇz֮е^Ҳ֪Ƿڽ@ôfе΄(w)Ȼچɵ
҈ԳJ(rn)飬@һ΄(w)Ҫ҂ĽQ֮@һҪĵĄwF(xin)҂ɵĿa patient labor giving form to our impatience for liberty

עጣ

[1] Phädon; oder, ber die Unsterblichkeit der Seele, PhädonDԒ䛡쳶ƪ(ni)ϵՓ`ԣgע

[2] Haskalaq̫fġɡھwZеġSekhelreasonintellect18o(j)19o(j)КWc|W؅^(q)W\ӰһĻ\HaskalaĿ(bio)Ҫq̫B(yng)܉wF(xin)q̫̺һĻľC܉ͨxĘ(bio)(zhn)Ќݾձx˵xUጵǷNԡT ҪĴq̫彛(jng)gɵģF(xin)W(xu)ձJ(rn)q̫F(xin)Ǐ18o(j)ġHaskala_ʼ˂Ĵ˲ٱӵصȴِ_ʼeO׷ڬF(xin)Уÿ˵һУĂ˻ČF(xin)(dng)Ȼ@߀漰S}˺ĬP(gun)ӑՓɅҊcZġqC׫ġqxҪأɵĽޡһҊl(wi)||Ⱦg˺ĬϺh(yun)|1997桪gע

[3] Giambattista VicoThe New Science of Giambattista Vico, 3rd ed., (1744), abridged trans. T. G. Bergen and M. H. Fisch (Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 370, 372. Ӣgעgē(j)S¡¿ƌW(xu)❓ḡ(w)ӡ^1989594596퓡gע

[4] Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1964), p. 13. Ӣgעgē(j)F(xin)ĮҡĹ(ji)F(xin)ԡڡRW(xu)Փx갲gČW(xu)1987485퓡gע

[5] Charles Baudelaire, On the Heroism of Modern Life, in The Mirror of Art: Critical Studies by Charles Baudelaire, trans. Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1955), p. 127. Ӣgעgąһɳʮ˹(ji)ՓF(xin)Ӣۡͬϕ301иĄӡgע

[6] gľCυ갲gRW(xu)Փx484퓼g„֞©g(ni)ݡgע

[7] gē(j)갲gRW(xu)Փx483иĄgעdepraved animalRڡՓƽȵԴͻA(ch)Ќ˼ĠB(ti)һNȻĠB(ti)˼һ^ҰFgע

[8] ɅҊgͬϕ484퓡gע

[9] Humanismһ~SwĚvʷc֪R龳IJͬɷքeg˵x˱x͡xͱĶԣ16o(j)ġHumanism(yng)g顰x18o(j)ġHumanismtg顰˵x@һόa(chn)y҂һg顰˵xͬrѴעԓ~Ěvʷ׃gע

P(gun)~ 

cx

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