摘要：許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教科書都認(rèn)為流轉(zhuǎn)稅一般會(huì)造成社會(huì)福利的“無(wú)謂損失”或“超額負(fù)擔(dān)”，本文認(rèn)為，至少在勞動(dòng)力供應(yīng)沒有彈性的情況下，這個(gè)看法并不準(zhǔn)確。本文的一般均衡模型表明，如果所有產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)均為完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，那么在最優(yōu)的流轉(zhuǎn)稅下，無(wú)論是基于“等價(jià)變動(dòng)”或“補(bǔ)償變動(dòng)”的社會(huì)福利損失均為零。如果市場(chǎng)不是完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，那么最優(yōu)的流轉(zhuǎn)稅體系應(yīng)使得所有產(chǎn)品的勒納指數(shù)(Lerner Index)均等化。并且，最優(yōu)的流轉(zhuǎn)稅一般可實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)福利的潛在帕累托改進(jìn)，即稅收的超額負(fù)擔(dān)為負(fù)。

　　關(guān)鍵詞：流轉(zhuǎn)稅，無(wú)謂損失，超額負(fù)擔(dān)，最優(yōu)稅收，不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

　　Optimal Indirect Tax and Social Welfare

　　Hao Wang

　　Abstract: Many economics textbooks suggest that indirect tax (or excise tax, consumption tax, commodity tax, etc.) usually generates “deadweight loss” or “excess burden” to the society. Using a general equilibrium model, this paper shows that this insight may be incorrect, at least when labor supply is highly inelastic. If all product markets are perfectly competitive, the optimal indirect tax structure is efficient in the sense that it invokes zero welfare loss in term of either “equivalent variation” or “compensating variation”. If not all product markets are competitive, the optimal indirect tax structure should equalize the Lerner indexes of all products, which means governments should impose light taxes on monopolistic firms or industries, but heavy taxes on competitive firms or industries. Furthermore, the optimal indirect tax under imperfect competition generally leads to potential Pareto improvement to the society.

　　Keywords: Indirect tax, Deadweight loss, Excess burden, Optimal tax, Imperfect competition

　　JEL codes：D59, H21, L16

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相關(guān)熱詞搜索：社會(huì)福利 最優(yōu) 流轉(zhuǎn)稅 汪浩