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Ї(gu)(dng)ʷ塤wՓ

l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-08 (li)Դ: c(din)

һ ġF(xin)(dng)

1989桶Ї(gu)F(xin)ʷ塷֮҂Ƴm(x)ƪЇ(gu)(dng)ʷ塷ġF(xin)(dng)һ֮eζʲôǰv19o(j)ĩ1949@һr(sh)ڃ(ni)Ї(gu)򄡰l(f)չ׃Ěvʷ߄tnj(du)19492000@낀(g)o(j)Ї(gu)ʷӾһ20o(j)Ї(gu)F(xin)ʷ䌍(sh)Ї(gu)򄡸SЇ(gu)(hu)F(xin)(g)vʷM(jn)́(li)f(shu)yҲo(w)횅^(q)ʲôF(xin)c(dng)ֻҪ](mi)x_(ki)繫J(rn)ĬF(xin)cԵҕֻҪ҂ǾooסЇ(gu)F(xin)Dy۵ĚvʷM(jn)́(li)f(shu)ģôo(w)Փ(jng)(j)ĻҲo(w)Փ(hu)˼롢Ć(wn)}(yng)F(xin)@潛(jng)ȥʹ˶ՓF(xin)c(dng)@ɲ־Ͳ^(gu)໥“(lin)ϵһ(g)r(sh)μF(xin)r(sh)ζѣr^(gu)ʮ˂԰@50ʲô(dng)1949֮Q顰F(xin)tȫЇ(gu)Ěvʷ(sh)H@҂ֻ͕ܸ(j)ĿǰЇ(gu)W(xu)g(sh)猦(du)(dng)@һ(x)T÷(li)҂@20o(j)εđʷ

20o(j)50ĩ60ԁ(li)^Ї(gu)(dng)ČW(xu)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡡ᷨڴһӺxһǕr(sh)ָ1949ԁ(li)ČW(xu)
ָЇ(gu)a(chn)hI(lng)(do)ġЇ(gu)ČW(xu)c򄡡ֽС(hu)xČW(xu)c򄡡
ǵHЇ(gu)ꑵČW(xu)co(j)80ԁ(li)ĶNP(gun)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵m(x)@N^c(din)еĸɴͽСЇ(gu)ʷȻ@ǺܳɆ(wn)}ԇ(wn)挦(du)ۡTѽ(jng)ؚw(gu)_(ti)ƽy(tng)һŬĴ(sh)rѽ(jng)M(jn)21o(j)ȫ򻯡˼ѱձJ(rn)ͬĽ죬Ȼ@N]һ˼S(li)^Ї(gu)(dng)ʷôܽʾvʷ挍(sh)òcˇg(sh)ă(ni)Ҏ(gu)أ@ȻֻҪƬ؏hɺεĽǶȣǏZ(y)ԡĻĽy(tng)һԣͬһԣ(li)ʷЇ(gu)(dng)򄡾Ͳ(yng)HHǴꑵġЇ(gu)򄡡(yng)ꑑ_(ti)cT@ׂ(g)Mɲf(shu)1949֮ǰF(xin)r(sh)Ї(gu)ʷ߀DZһ(g)y(tng)һĿмԒô(du)1949֮ġ(dng)r(sh)͑(yng)o(w)x^m(x)(jin)塢Z(y)ĻĽy(tng)һԴˁ(li)չ_(ki)(du)vʷ˂(hu)ӛ(g)Օr(sh)ڣĵĻf(shu)Ї(gu)F(xin)򄡾(g)K(gu)ɵģһKؑcҪصġ(gu)y(tng)^(q)򄡡
һKDZϺϾ|ʡȜS݅^(q)ԼT_(ti)(gu)(sh)y(tng)ݠ^(q)đ
߀һKӰĵġŅ^(q)򄡡@Z(y)ԡĻϵĽy(tng)һԱ҂f(shu)һ(g)(gu)ҚvʷĻc(din)1949֮Ĵꑑ򄡻ǡŅ^(q)򄡡cŴ󡣶(dng)ġ(gu)y(tng)^(q)򄡡tڇ(gu)Ѷֻһ֑򄡼ҼˡŅ^(q)򄡡(du)һS(gu)h_(ti)γһ݆ġ(gu)y(tng)^(q)򄡡_(ti)(dng)S݅^(q)͸۰ĵđҲvʷء۵M(jn)ˡ(dng)Ї(gu)(dng)ʷֻvH`һ(g)Ї(gu)ĚvʷŒ(sh)Ҳڌ(du)׃܉Eǡֵ҂J(rn)(yng)ԓͻƶm(x)Ĵꑡ(hu)xһԪĪM˼·Pμhɺεҕǿc?xi)򄡬F(xin)˼SģʽJ(rn)Z(y)ĻĽy(tng)һۣԿƌW(xu)đB(ti)ȁ(li)挍(sh)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵Ěvʷ

ı{ʷ(sh)ҕҰđ򄡘ʽ(li)f(shu)҂?c)ڡF(xin)mȻ(du)ŵµĚvʷlµĸ׃Լ¸脡脡Įa(chn)l(f)չ漰w(li)f(shu)Ԓ@?yn)顰Փđ˼͑^֮D(zhun)׃ĬF(xin)Ժԁ(li)߀Ǐđ\(yn)(dng)c҇(gu)xľo“(lin)ϵ(li)ߏĴ(yu)ㄡҵӿF(xin)ڄ(chung)ϵشؕI(xin)(li)L(zhng)Ї(gu)ʷ_(ki)һ(g)švʷAΣĻ\(yn)(dng)ռͻĚvʷλڬF(xin)ʷ(do)õtdԒ[1]ġ(dng)֣ıӴ@?yn)@50ꮔ(dng)УЇ(gu)y(tng)׃o(w)Փ(du)䡰ácʧu(png)r(ji)h(yun)h(yun)^(gu)ǰ50a(chn)S(yu)Ʒc݆TF(xin)廯¡ԒԪW(xu)(x)f(xi){(dio)l(f)չđB(ti)¸@50γɵĸаl(f)ˡӰ@ӰشĚvʷĻ¼һƉ@һB(ti)򄡬F(xin)ĵ·ࡣ҂?c)ڱ?sh)ӴķȻǏġF(xin)@(g)Ƕ۵ԣQǰ@50đ(dng)Ї(gu)Ŵʷһ΁(li)nj鮔(dng)ʷһ(g)ЙC(j)Mɲց(li)vЇ(gu)Ŵʷ͹ŴԊ(sh)ʷŴСf(shu)ʷһSġĻ\(yn)(dng)ǂ(g)r(sh)ھͻϽY(ji)ˡԒ@һµđ򄡘ʽ(dng)ǰв˃HHҕЇ(gu)װق(g)Nеһ(g)@?yn)ÑW(xu)ϵķԭ҇(gu)F(xin)dĚvʷŒ(sh)҇(gu)y(tng)ĄNmȻܶđW(xu)wϵf(shu)ȫǏԊ(sh)(l)赸ۺϵĹŴ(l)@һϵy(tng)(li)dԒtW(xu)wϵcБ(du)(yng)һ(g)ȫµĬF(xin)҇(gu)ŴԊ(sh)иNwú͘ʽԡwԊ(sh)Vxf(shu)~ҲԊ(sh)һNF(xin)Ԋ(sh)@wú͘ʽеһNwcŴԊ(sh)(du)(yng)ĬF(xin)Ԋ(sh)W(xu)L(fng)òȻЄe˂Ԓҕ顰(li)ʽĕr(sh)҂AڌҕЇ(gu)򄡵ġF(xin)ʽ?yn)mȻ(li)ԡЇ(gu)򄡂y(tng)ҲСԒӣL(zhng)L(zhng)İ֮ѽ(jng)ȫЇ(gu)ѽ(jng)ɞ҂򄡵ҪMɲˡǷNJ(rn)Ї(gu)򄡃Hڑ^c(din)@ȻǘOƬԒԼ¸脡cԪЇ(gu)F(xin)(dng)B(ti)Ļ@ȫǽųF(xin)¬F(xin)҂Ȳ?yn)cy(tng)fĻ“(lin)ϵJ(rn)ڮ(dng)l(f)չĿgҲ?yn)ԒĻϵġ򾉶J(rn)ɞЇ(gu)򄡵Ŀ

ԣ(wn)}ĺ߀ڡF(xin)@潛(jng)֮҂(dng)ʷҕȻǽ(jng)(j)Ļc(hu)˼롢˵ĬF(xin)(wn)}F(xin)cԼP(gun)Ļr(ji)ֵ(bio)(zhn)Ƽs(sh)(du)vʷġĻ\(yn)(dng)ĬF(xin)x񣬡ġt(jin)ֵc(hu)ĬF(xin)䌦(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)׃ҪȻָ(do)(dng)ʷ(sh)(xi)һ؞֮˼·1949֮đ˼c\(yn)(dng)MܳMۺͽӖ(xn)߀Ǐ(f)wڬF(xin)ρ(li)ˡ͑@һTϵˇg(sh)(li)f(shu)ĬF(xin)ҪF(xin)(g)棺

һ_(ti)ʬF(xin)ġ˵ľB(ti)ЬF(xin)xĄ顢}͸HԿF(xin)ˡĵòˇg(sh)ȤW(xu)׷猦(du)˼c(g)ԽŵĠ(zhng)ȡ(du)˸ƽc (du)NN(d)Ì⽨cR(sh)еȵȣЩMȡڹŴvʷ䡰ҕǡc֮񡱱cF(xin)R(sh)ͨ@һУHġġr(sh)30ͿՕr(sh)ڵЩ(yu)ƷпԿó(li)50ԒB(nio)ֽˡķ^ᣩP(gun)h䡷hԼF(tun)A֮󡷣b@һЩҲл[@ıF(xin)80ƷԒġɳ~سɡҦ£܇վнСͬ?jin)ƣ\ƣɣ(sh)ƺo(j)¡Ӷƽܲcޡꐁȣz¡꣩ɽšκ¾ͤIdɑL(fng)oL(zhng)x@Щ򶼏IJͬĽǶ͸ˆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)

1949֮ǰġxr(sh)򄡾(ni)ġF(xin)ԡ׷cЇ(gu)˵ġײx䌍(sh)һҪxڡ桱ˡ֡׷ӳ(hu)ġ挍(sh)ԡ(du)m͡_dԡˡăr(ji)ֵ(yn)ġ˵đ򄡡ѬF(xin)(hu)˵Ī(d)˸c(du)ƽȡ(qun)׷_(ti)ϵđ򄡾1949֮A̗lxcΌ(sh)xԡˌW(xu)ĵġ˵đ򄡡۸Ğζ(zhng)ߵđ?c)ڡA(j)(zhng)(hu)x̖(ho)uuˬF(xin)һ挍(sh)ԡc˵đ򄡡⵽H⡣еĬF(xin)׷ȻB(nio)ֽˡһǡײxڡ(hu)x۱F(xin)

ˇg(sh)ĹɆݔ(do)R(sh)_(ti)̻D(zhun)^cݡƽȌ(du)ԒcpI(lng)ġ(du)Ԓ׷ʘ(l)֮(l)cй֮(l)y(tng)һdžμζ(zhng)½̻Ĺߡ@Ǒˇg(sh)ġˌW(xu)ˇg(sh)ϵıF(xin)(xi)ˡ桱Щf(shu)@һc(din)؄e80ġ̽򄡡^cݡĽc(dng)H߬F(xin)ǣвٮ(dng)ƷּǞf(shu)̣ѡ^cݡƽȵČ(du)Ԓcp׃Ɇ򡰽̌(do){ݛՓď(qing)(sh)^ƳЧW(xu)(x)ݵġӡ@r(sh)Ѽg(sh)(dng)ˇg(sh)ή(dng)˼롱ָ߮(dng)򄡑(yng)P(yng)ġ@`֮F(xin)ԵҪxӢ(gu)u(png)Һղء£Herbert Read1893-1968ԡF(xin)۹JָҪһZ(y)ƹŵx(ni)Ԓ҂(li)F(xin)һ؞F(xin)ŵxΌƵľͬķNN̗l^(gu)ǣÁ(li)ƺ͉˵Ļܵľ@Щ|Q(hu)F(xin)κɛQ죬ֻһN(qing)˵[2]@Ȼ^ɛQ족ֻƽȌ(du)ԒcĽY(ji)
ǷN{^֮ϡݔκ͵^đ򄡣MֶҲˡˇg(sh)̎ġδ(li)͡а`ԻKÓ˹ŵxǷN(qing)ˡ(du)ʩԡƺ͉֡ıڮ(dng)ʷϣԡ޷ޑӰ򡱞Щ^tɫ(jng)䡱@Nŵx҂ԷQ֮顰(hu)xŵx(hu)ŵxđ򄡡

򄡵ČW(xu)Z(y)_(ti)Z(y)RԼY(ji)(gu)ʽm(yng)F(xin)(hu)cF(xin)^ҪM(jn)бҪĸ¡ԒZ(y)(dng)͟F(xin)ʹF(xin)ŴҲҪϬF(xin)˵p(x)Tij_(ti)O(sh)Ӌ(j)M(jn)ڱF(xin)µľ(ni)Ą(chung)@һ(g)ΑB(ti)(wn)}Ƞ򄡵|(zh)⚤c򄡵ľ(ni)P(gun)Щ־кܴĚvʷ(wn)cĻĹͨԣнSì(f)sĬF(xin)@MܸDZҪģǷ¡ԺЩ򄡣|(zh)⚤ƷdzF(xin)(ni)so(w)F(xin)Կԣ硰ĸеġӰ90ijЩsr(sh)ذb^˶Ŀ^Ʒ򡱴Ļ|(zh)׃^^
侫׃t^y^@o҂ʷһ(g)R(sh)eάF(xin)ԡ΄(w)҇(gu)(hu)ĻD(zhun)Ļϵ̓cƽӹһ(g)ձF(xin)ܽСάF(xin)ԡ_y҂ҕ

c(dng)

һԒ(li)@50Ї(gu)(dng)򄡾׃ľǾǣ򄡆Եcؽf(shu)򄡬F(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)@f(shu)Ҫָꑺ_(ti)۰ĵrͬɡ_(d)Enlightenment顰Ї(gu)ŴСΆɡ֮f(shu)tС_(ki)ǡ֮ՓՓɡڬF(xin)飺˵ľķԵڰнų(li)ʹ֮F(xin)һ(g)(d)(g)ԽȫĬF(xin)ˡеČW(xu)ָģ20o(j)(hu)ƌW(xu)f(shu)ġF(xin)dž˼f(shu)ġԑ(yng)„(w)ǬF(xin)ԵĻA(ch)(c(din)̎xһ(y))

[3]Ї(gu)~_(ki)F(xin)Ěvʷ֮ɵ΄(w)c֮ͬr(sh)ˡR˼xֻܴܰ憢xǰF(xin)(hu)ķNNأʹɱ`xČ(xi)(do)^ɡԵȏ(f)sF(xin)ˣ硰W(xu)W(xu)ߣѡġcĸɻһՄ(yng)ԓf(shu)džl(f)˷Եġĸ@ӷF(xin)¼ǡǡ෴džɵŤ׃ʧ@N1949֮A(j)(zhng)ľ޴ؓ(f)Ч(yng)f(shu)@һ(wn)}@ڑҲ@F(xin)ںƽl(f)չr(sh)SƷsM˸͑(zhn)(zhng)ġˎζһζ׷ǷNֻڡ(zhng)вſеĘO˵˼Sͱ_(d)ʽֲcԼ˵О鷽ʽˇg(sh)F(xin)бϷȵ

ĵf(shu)(hu)x(yng)YxЬF(xin)Ěvʷ΄(w)(yng)ǽQYx](mi)ܽQĽ(jng)(j)ΡĻc(hu)˼˵ĬF(xin)(wn)}ȻvʷsŒ(sh)˸۵·Ї(gu)@ӵδ(jng)^(gu)F(xin)I(y)O(sh)xȱλ(gu)ʹͨ^(gu)ֶΣҲyԳԽYxĬF(xin)Զ(gu)(hu)F(xin)ĵ·f(shu)1949֮ǰxgcF(xin)߀ijNدBԒָЕr(sh)F(xin)_(ki)ٵ·ô1949֮ġ(hu)xg@NدB㲻Ҳf(shu)ҲֻܿܿƁ(li)CF(xin)O(sh)ǂ(g)˙(qun)I(lng)¾͑(yng)ԓЂ(g)ɣI(lng)¾ҪQ^(gu)(li)׌(g)˰ѳȺ򣬹(qun)ַ[4]^A(j)(zhng)^m(x)οԛ_һСo(w)a(chn)A(j)όӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ挣ȵȣֻꐸČxˡȺ(qun)xˆԵĻҲxR˼xĻԭĶһڬF(xin)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)L(zhng)@Ǯ(dng)ʷϣڡʮꡱ͡ĸr(sh)ڣ](mi)ܳF(xin)1949֮ǰǂ(g)F(xin)r(sh)ڳF(xin)^(gu)đ򄡴Һͽ(jng)ĸԭخmȻˮ(dng)Ҳò꡷ճԭҰˡǘӵļ䄓(chung)쾫ήsֱŸf(shu)`̫ࡱʹȦȦ߅MXRxôXD(zhun)(dng)(li)ء@ӵԒ(du)|ָ؟(z)ָ؟(z)Ҫܣ܃ɹԽ(xi)Խ(jin)λˡwƱʾ(qing)ҵIJM[5]@cˇg(sh)wRKԡ̫ܵwˇ](mi)ϣһ(g)˼nj(du)ʧȥˆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)Ļh(hun)ʹ෴˼

bڌ(du)ĻxIJMĸ֮ȥλ☋(gu)ɡĿ̖(ho)@N^c(din)˃ɂ(g)`^(q)һcɻһՄ
\y(tng)ˇĽ̻ܼcεP(gun)ϵ

@ȁ(li)һ(g)(wn)}cmȻе“(lin)ϵȫһ(g)Ļϵ\(yn)(dng)Еr(sh)ܕ(hu)׃\(yn)(dng)
\(yn)(dng)Еr(sh)Ҳ(hu)ɵďԳȻȫeOġxֻһ(g)ȣˡc΄tȻЃcؓ(f)eOcOxcxģЃɂ(g)ȣˡcˡԵcԵġc_(ki)M(jn)cڰ(dng)cǔһкڰ(dng)ξSo(h)y(tng)εֶ˿ֲ֮ǿɼ˼ɱcūˡ](mi)^s߀ѸZ(y)еġW(xu)ČW(xu)߰ѡġcĸһՄҲδcεIJ?yn)醢cβһڡʮꡱ͡ĸđвŕ(hu)F(xin)λՏ(qing)R(sh)cF(xin)ԷҊ(jin)ĬF(xin)60cĸеġ޷ޑӰ򡱾^(gu)f(shu)@һF(xin)(du)򄡞η(w)(yng)(dng)?sh)ģͬr(sh)Ҫ򄡵ĆxĻr(ji)ֵ(do)͌(du)򄡵Ľl(f)չʮкʧȥˆcF(xin)ĠTֻЃɷNܣ?yn)ι(yn)ͼ?j)

򄡵Ľ̻ܼcεP(gun)ϵҲǞ_Uvʷ횳һ(g)(wn)}_(ti)Ȼ(hu)_(ti)ĿsӰͲȫÓx(wn)ҲǑҪF(xin)Č(du)ֱӞη(w)ԱF(xin)Ҫ鼺εđ򄡽΄20o(j)Political TheatreP(gun)IڑcεP(gun)ϵǜ\ǴС@NP(gun)ϵDzƽȵ҂кͷ񶨵ġλη(w)ָǷN򄡞ūrǰcɞ锳֮r(sh)@ӵᳫ򄡵Ľ̻ܲ򄡞η(w)^̻@ָƄ(dng)˵|(zh)B(yng)ɺ;ǰf(shu)ھI(lng)ġ(du)ԒǑ_(d)@һĿĵֶΡ܌W(xu)ָ̻ЃɷNһNwF(xin)˵ġԡģ֮˵ձڿwϾSo(h)Եı|(zh)Ҏ(gu)һN^ġ̻tǡǡ෴ǾSo(h)ԣǰ֮˵ձԳMƫҊ(jin)(d)Ľ(jng)(yn)x(g)e½M@NϴXʽġ̻Ư̖(ho)[6]T⽨(hu)ġTy^ĸеġѪy(tng)ՓΨɷ֡ՓӰ򡱡ȡɽ~r(nng)|(zh)áԼڽŵȵ@Щ|(du)M(jn)н̻njԡ(g)e½R˼f(shu)ԡ˼W늡ˡųɞˡ(sh)HϾnjһN̻µˡšɞǰһN̻µˡ[7]

C^(dng)50ԵcؽԻF(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)ľ۵ģ@ڮ(dng)׃Ěvʷ^(gu)(dng)wıF(xin)

(dng)׃Ěvʷ^(gu)

Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵׃ڽ(jng)(j)Ļc(hu)˼롢˵ď(f)s׃Еr(sh)cζ(zhng)R(sh)ΑB(ti)׃(dng)ֱP(gun)ڴꑺ_(ti)ڑˇg(sh)(ni)NNصL(zhng)t۶[εc@Щ׃“(lin)ϵ򄡵Ěvʷ@һAԁ(li)@NvʷAԮ(dng)Ȼ(du)Եģǰ֮gЅ^(q)e“(lin)ϵ@NvʷAԣڴ_(ti)TвͬZ(y)Ļ֮y(tng)һijNP(gun)֮̎1978ꡪ1989ġ˼šc_(ti)1987ġ(yn)(du)򄡵İl(f)չ^(gu)شӰ򄡄(chung)ĬF(xin)(sh)xF(xin)x׃c_(ki)šµĻ֮P(gun)ϵڃɰĵصđ򄡰l(f)չоКvʷɌ@낀(g)o(j)(dng)򄡵ĆcF(xin)r(sh)[r(sh)F(xin)r(sh)r(sh)m(x)(dng)ȱλεһ֮r(sh)͕(hu)a(chn)һNɡF(xin)đ_(ti)1950ꡪ1960ġ턡ꑡʮꡱcĸеġA(j)(zhng)޷ޑӰ򡱣ԇԴꑑ򄡞Ҫ^쌦(du)g_(ti)ۡ50vʷ^(gu)¡

һcF(xin)R(sh)ĵġʮꡱ1949(qun)1966ꡰĸl(f)F(xin)(x)QʮꡱǮ(dng)򄡵ĵһ(g)vʷr(sh)1957֮ǰꑑ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)߀ٳн1949ǰxľw50ڵġDŮ_hXСڽY(ji)顷һеɡR(sh)cx“(lin)ϵ@N“(lin)ϵc(du)(qun)ĸힿһġ횜ϡ(xi)׌˾סh(hun)ĸc(du)ĸм֮mӺ(xi)ˡĹӲּӽ[ĸ(do)ݺ֮һ݆Tıڮ(dng)r(sh)H߼tKԸȺ򡱣{(dio)ģ醢ҪxġȺ(qun)硱ҕ˺ʮ깩εġ힄hI(lng)䣩֮L(fng)ɴ˶ʼ

19561957ϰڇ(gu)H(gu)(ni)˼볱c΄(sh)³F(xin)^(gu)һꇶ̕ġ˼š֮L(fng)cF(xin)R(sh)̧^ǣD[ÓA̗l`|֮ġķN(yng)\(yn)ԒB(nio)ֽˡijF(xin)һ(g)ʮҪ̖(ho)Hٰь(du)(g)ԡ׷c(du)(qun)ĸ“(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)‚(g)ܵijNJ|һ(g)Єð^̆(wn)}˴µ̖(ho)硰w(hu)xhI(lng)(do)֮еꐸ󐺵ķ⽨֮˽ǂ(g)F(tun)֧ίغMڡM(jn)Z(y)ёҕ˽ֱZ(g)˵ɡŮ˹B(nio)ͯУR[Ó_ijN`l(wi)(g)(yn)΄(w)DŽHxѲ֮ġB(nio)Ҫ@Ȼ@ǡġr(sh)wF(xin)֮F(xin)ġײx׷˵c(g)϶˵(hu)؟(z)Σ(hu)IJԣ50٬F(xin)ܵA؄(sh)ĴҲӭ@ɡ˼š֮L(fng)ġL(fng)ѩҹwˡخġˡ1957ڱ˃Ʉa(chn)40F(xin)򄡽(jng)֮ͻF(xin)˵`X(ju)ѡˌ(du)ɵľ׷F(xin)ԼB(nio)ֽˡ^ķNijF(xin)f(shu)ˑ򄡼҂(jin)ֆcF(xin)R(sh)l(f)P(yng)ĬF(xin)򄡾񡱵ĿFŬ

Ȼ1957ꡰɡ(zhng)֮ڇ(gu)H(zhn)֮ҲP(gun)ڡ(gu)Ha(chn)x\(yn)(dng)Փ(zhn)Сޡ̖(ho)(q)ʹЇ(gu)򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)Ѹήsˣ֮ˌW(xu)ă(ni)ݱA(j)(zhng)޷ޡʽϼM(jn)(sh)HݛՓֱӿˑ򄡵ľ(do)ԆcF(xin)R(sh)龫(ni)ġ挍(sh)ˡ_(ti)ʧ֮P(yng)ν̗lһܼľżһĘVġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ֮1958F(xin)ԭ򡪡ǰ힄·ӣҴ(g)fr(sh)ıo(h)߄t˼o(j)Ļ˵ęC(j)(hu)һ򄡄tƿͬᣬСtԺһͬh߀Сʮˮ(k)ٮ(dng)r(sh)Ļh(hun)P(yng)̓ġSM(jn)֮L(fng)څr(sh)(yng)֮ҲֻǮ(dng)ʧӛ60һF(xin)A(j)(zhng)޷ޡ(zhng)đ򣨰Ԓ͑ڄ(chung)̖(ho)Qǡ(hu)xF(xin)(sh)x򡰸F(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡ(sh)Hϴ󶼿ɷQ֮顰(hu)ŵx֮(du)ˇg(sh)ֶΣZ(y)Y(ji)(gu)ȣAM(jn)(sh)tꐸľ(ni)(dng)r(sh)L(fng)һr(sh)ġǧf(wn)ҪӛһS֮ɎXȾٴ(g)e硶޺µڱmȻˇg(sh)F(xin)ĹһIһ挍(sh)wÓ(qing){(dio)A(j)(zhng)(du)ƽ׃·(sh)˄ѴеġL(fng)ҕʹˉħ@HķF(xin)A򡣮(dng)r(sh)򄡵·ԽԽխ1959ͬr(sh)岿ݣӢģ1960ͬr(sh)߲ʮһ(g)A(j)ֵܡݣͬ(bo)һ(bo)1962t11҄Ժݳ(j)ӛ(sh)Сf(shu)ľͬԒtrM(jn)иA(j)(zhng)Ľ1963ͬr(sh)15ԒF(tun)wݡhļ҄硶tɫhhͬ־W(xu)(x)^hһٱČ(xi)עNNF(xin)أ@f(shu)·(yn)µġ}ěQՓʹĿҊ(jin)ؚ_(ti)196070嵽ҦһȔL(fng)ȑ򄡼ҾĿһµĄ(chung)ϽY(ji)ˡ턡Ćһؚĕr(sh)
ڴm196162̕ġ{(dio)S֮ԸӲ·

(c(din)̎xһ(y))

ԏص⡢F(xin)R(sh)ȫȱġĸr(sh)1966ꡰĸl(f)1976顰ˎ̖͡(ho)Qĸʮꡱ䌍(sh)ĸľvϿ196312c6ëɖ|P(gun)ˇ(wn)}ăɴΎаl(f)(dng)ĸζʾ¿1978йY(ji)ĸl(f)˼š\(yn)(dng)֮r(sh)@15Ǯ(dng)ʷĵڶ(g)r(sh)ҲdžԏصF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱһ(g)ʷ^ĸ](mi)κxϵĸԺM(jn)l(f)@һr(sh)ڵһ˼ˇg(sh)F(xin)ϼM(jn)(sh)|(zh)ϵ¶fƷ棬˂(g)Ӱ򡱣tӛɳ亡ȡɽu׻F(tun)ۡ脡tɫ܊ëŮ푘(l)峪?jing)ɳ亡䎧һڶӰ򡱣硶힡ƽԭ?zhn)Nɽʯȣ@һr(sh)ڵġtɫ(jng)䡱ՓĴֵһСֱͬ־ίнͬ־_(ki)IJ(du)ˇՄ(hu)o(j)ҪġՄˎϺČ(xi)Ӱl(f)ڡt졷s־196967ںϿġu(png)˹̹˹˹wϵԼĻÌ(xi)ӡY(ji)Ӱ򡱽(jng)(yn)硶Ї(gu)vʷĉ(hu)ՄӰijɾͺxʮ꡷ՓҪc(din)УһհסՓČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ȫr(ji)ֵJ(rn)vʷһЃ(yu)Ʒ(du)(dng)˵xJ(rn)顰o(w)a(chn)A(j)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ġ(gu)H衷ԁ(li)һƬհF(xin)ڡӰa(b)@һհס΄(w)ՓJ(rn)򄡵ĸ΄(w)^ġo(w)a(chn)A(j)Ӣ@ӵռI(lng)_(ti)ǡo(w)a(chn)A(j)όӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ挣ĄͻՓҪƷwϵǣͻͻӢӢͻһӢ

ĸⲿF(xin)ΑB(ti)ijЩhF(xin)(ni)ڌ(sh)|(zh)ǷF(xin)ġġӰ򡱱ϿҲijNF(xin)ԡ@һNάF(xin)ԡĚvʷϿ(dng)Ї(gu)⽨(hu)ǰF(xin)ĻF(xin)Ļ(zhn)r(sh)(qun)Ľy(tng)(yng)(yng)ĵһ(g)ĻԱnjĻM(jn)Єxcֽ|(zh)֮Ͼ֮ġЌW(xu)wW(xu)ááһĻ֮wF(xin)Ӱ򡱵|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)Ҳf(shu)Ǹ߶ȡğⲼЧx_(ki)F(xin)Ƽ
ķbO(sh)Ӌ(j)ҲǰF(xin)(xi)(sh)xҪ
(l)Ǵđ푘(l)Dгһ(g)ꂥķՇǣ@N̖(ho)Q֡F(xin)đ侫(ni)s϶һЩڷ⽨xĻĖ|Ѫy(tng)ՓTy^hӢ۳c(g)ŵՓڡՓ֧F(xin)R(sh)@Ӱ򡱾Ͳ̮ܿ(hu)F(xin)R(sh)^µ˺˵\(yn)԰ռ_(ti)һ(g)(g)ȫġӢ](mi)Ђ(g)ԣyR(sh)Ԅe](mi)СˡǞ͏(qing)ijNO(sh)õġ̖(ho)ͽf(shu)̓ٵġһƬƬ~N(li)Ĵ񡱡[8]f(shu)ڡӰЇ(gu)򄡵ĬF(xin)ѽ(jng)ص׽wʮg򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)ֻڡ¡B(ti)д_(ti)đв̶ͬȵm(x)

ؽcF(xin)R(sh)(du)sġSr(sh)19771989Ї(gu)(dng)ʷĵ(g)r(sh)ڣ@10ɰĵصđ򄡶һ(g)(du)sġSr(sh)ڴꑣ1976顰ˎ͡vʷxh(yun)h(yun)^(gu)@һw¼1978й11ȫ(hu)Y(ji)ĸ·܁ymȻ@(g)߀L(zhng)ԁ(li)١󡱵Ė|_(ki)ˡ˼šlTČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĆcF(xin)R(sh)(f)KѸͰl(f)չ_(ti)S1984꽛(jng)(j)֮(gu)HɻƶȻ1986(gu)h12ȫ(hu)θµĆ(dng)c1987ġ(yn)ˇ·ȻҲ͸F(xin)һ;?q)ĸĿֶ֑һζM(jn)70_(ki)ʼעرF(xin)(sh)cY(ji)ˇg(sh)кܴl(f)չ1974(sh)Сֳߡ(du)Tˇİl(f)չҲзeOx@һ׃(du)˼ɞ鱾ע`ꡰ(du)ԒĬF(xin)򄡾񡱵ĸߓP(yng)(li)f(shu)ʮ@һc(din)Ĵꑑ򄡿w(li)f(shu)ꑡĸĽY(ji)(du)_(ti)ľзeOӰ

F(xin)򄡾񡱏ď(f)KߓP(yng)һ(g)^(gu)̵ġһ_(ki)ʼّMСˎ͡HHǞ顰ϸɲ(zhng)ڡĸʧȥ(qun)΃A˼Sʽcˇg(sh)߀һףf(shu)w߀ǡʮꡱ͡ĸ·ӣڲͬ˵Ŀ񶨡ĸĺxǸͬӵĻr(ji)ֵ^Ϗص׷񶨡ĸ߀ٔ(sh)ʹ1978F(xin)ġڟo(w)•̎⡷Vɽ@һÑҲ߀ͣڡˎ͡ζ(zhng)ϵġȻ1979l(f)һ(g)D(zhun)ۣһđӳF(xin)(sh)J|(hu)(wn)}Һ􆾸ĸ_(ki)Mоđ򄡳F(xin)ˣ硶ġ(bo)(qun)cδ(li)نȾ@ǘ(bio)־cF(xin)R(sh)֮X(ju)ѡF(xin)򄡾񡱳ߓP(yng)ĵһƷǡġɳ~سҦ£@(xi)Ǯ(dng)r(sh)P(gun)ĵġߺT(wn)}(li)ҵĸ֮L(fng)(sh)Hυs|h͇(gu)ҙ(qun)ʹcO(jin)_(ki)ˬF(xin)wؙ(qun)Ac󱊵ì@һeyʮеΆ(wn)}@һ(wn)}˽30Ľ͸@޴ĬF(xin)(sh)ԺͼJˡԓϺݳһ޴cQһҲA؄(sh)ď(qing)ҲMǸߌP(gun)עչ_(ki)ӑՓM@ӑՓˇ\(yn)(dng)Ͷ(zhng)ǘˣY(ji)@һr(sh)F(xin)(sh)ԘO(qing)ĺÑ׃ݡͬr(sh)߀Ӱ̫(yng)ˡӰČW(xu)С١Ҳ?yn)ӵ|˕r(sh)ͬF(xin)(sh)(wn)}θʹP(gun)עr(sh)F(xin)(sh)挍(sh)ӳF(xin)˵ľ׷JpʻS֮(sh)đ1980Ѹˡ

ȻĻB(ti)(sh)cͬȻЇ(gu)F(xin)IJѽ(jng)ֹͣôcF(xin)R(sh)ҲͲر19801989Ї(gu)򄡾һǰM(jn)֮̽·ھָČ(du)(hu)(wn)}ı¶cУ(du)vʷĻ׷(wn)c˼g؞(du)Ժ˵`̽c(wn)
ڄ(chung)cF(xin)ֶ(jng)vˏĔPάF(xin)(sh)x֏(f)F(xin)(sh)xy(tng)W(xu)(x)bF(xin)x^(gu)@vġ̽Ȱ1982Աˇݳ^(du)̖(ho)_(ki)˵ġС(chng)\(yn)(dng)ԡh(du)y(tng)ģʽ͑B(ti)қ_Ҳ(chng)cڏVx򄡵˼cˇg(sh)ϵ׃@Щ̽(du)׃(li)fġλ˼S͆һؚ_(ti)^شá(yng)ԓf(shu)@10ǬF(xin)򄡾񡱴l(f)P(yng)10ҲǸҌ(du)ʮꡱ͡ĸf(shu)10@һr(sh)ڣČW(xu)͑򄡽һɲСġ桱˼(du)L(zhng)ڽy(tng)ČW(xu)͑򄡵A̗lxΌ(sh)x֧εfđģʽM(jn)кͷ@Nкͷ5060ҲF(xin)^(gu)΢̕ѸR(sh)ΑB(ti)ȥ80@һΣs˸ĸ_(ki)֮(sh)ˡ򡱣ᄞ顰˼m؄(sh)ϡƉKƱǰM(jn)Փ̈́(chung)(sh)`ϸ׃Ї(gu)(dng)򄡰l(f)չڅ(sh)ʹ򄡵˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰĔU(ku)չ@10S(yu)ㄡ|(zh)⚤;(ni)϶–|(dng)wF(xin)̎˼֮еЇ(gu)ǷNeO_(ki)P(yng)ϵľB(ti)ֻ@r(sh)򄡲Ō(sh)F(xin)ˡھI(lng)ġ(du)Ԓųˡľ֮⡣ĵһᵽԒɣ(sh)ƺo(j)¡ܲcޡЩ80(wn)ă(yu)ㄡ(dng)Cеğo(w)Ɍɞ齛(jng)֮֮@10đǾشvʷx40Sr(sh)֮һ(g)߷f(shu)̱xҲ^(gu)

80ڣl(f)ˡ^ĴӑՓ@Ǒ^m(x)֮̽·ıF(xin)Ȼ(dng)ˇg(sh)o(w)_wƵ`r(sh)^֮·̽Ҳֻˇg(sh)ȦD(zhun)D(zhun)(li)ڡġ֮󣬑RĆ(wn)}^m(x)Ŭ(jin)˼_A̗lx`ڄ(chung)ϔPάF(xin)(sh)x֏(f)򄡵ġˌW(xu)λ_(ti)ϱF(xin)挍(sh)挍(sh)(dng)r(sh)ġ^ӑՓsHHǞ˽oF(xin)x_(ki)·һ_(ki)ʼֻݲRϣ؞鎟äĿذѬF(xin)(sh)x鹥(du)(sh)˹̹˹˹锳䌍(sh)˹̹wϵġˌW(xu)(ni)cF(xin)(sh)xh(yun)ȲRϣصġҊ(jin)кЇ(gu)(sh)Hքڡĸб^(gu)܁yӑՓ@_(ki)(wn)}Ҳ^Ⱦ͡(du)Ya(chn)A(j)ɻΉֻһЩˇg(sh)Ɇ(wn)}Ć(wn)}ϼmp塪ٶԡcԡ_(ti)X(ju)cƳ_(ti)X(ju)J(rn)ͬĶ‰cƵĶ‰gxЧcQЧ(xi)(sh)c(xi)⡱ȵ(du)@Щ(wn)}Ļش𱾁(li)ǃɿɵo(w)횷Ǵ˼˵ؠ(zhng)ՓMӑՓ(du)_(ti)^ĽcС(chng)֮do(w)棬@_(ki)򄡾ĺĆ(wn)}`ϵɡ(du)ԒcƽȽڼg(sh)ʽÄţ@ʹ80δܮa(chn)ƷҲʽʧM(jn)򄡴l(f)չęC(j)(hu)ͬr(sh)߀90򄡵ġ|(zh)g(sh)ANǰ

ģSr(sh)^(gu)ƽӹ19902000@20o(j)10ҕ鮔(dng)򄡵ĵĂ(g)vʷr(sh)˾šL(fng)OӰЇ(gu)˵ľB(ti)O󽩻(sh)؁(li)DáL(fng)(li)ęC(j)(hu)񶨸ĸ_(ki)ŵľ޴ɾЇ(gu)ص·ȥ[9]mȻF(xin)M(jn)ѲȫֹθĸcҎ(gu)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)M(jn),ʹ(g)(hu)|(zh)ƽӹĻDyD(zhun)Įr(ji)ֵy̓cƽӹ׺B͸һI(lng)½☋(gu)cF(xin)R(sh)ĺF(xin)xcW(xu)ɳ˄(sh)(li)(du)@ЩOF(xin)ƲáӰµ_(ti)Ͱl(f)@һr(sh)ڣ@f(shu)O˼̧^cߵġfҲf(shu)ˇg(sh)(chung)ؚp˄tǡ桱|(zh)⚤{(dio)٩tɫ(jng)䡱o(w)ɣ@һЌ(du)ؽ辫ɺ͸߶Ȅ(chung)đ򄡁(li)f(shu)ǘO鲻һ(g)ֻX͡(qun)](mi)ˡ(mng)롱͡Ԋ(sh)顱(hu)ô(hu)кõđ򄡮a(chn)أwf(shu)(li)90Ǒ򄡾ήs_(ti)̓ٷsĕr(sh)wƃ(ni)ķNNu(png)(jing)ͅRݻ(dng)(du)򄡵Ͱl(f)չf(shu)ٟo(w)һܿ׃b(j)ֶ(dng)ֻX㡰̡(zhng)Ҫ(j)ʹ򄡵Ą(chung)u(png)r(ji)wƻMʧȥˇg(sh)(d)l(f)Rf(shu)ġȤζĸ [10]f(shu)80кÑu(png)(jing)90tȑҪ(jing)(xing)(li)90ԁ(li)_(ti)۰đڡF(xin)˼Ӱ^Z(y)ԡ򄡡֮L(fng)ɞr(sh)ل(chung)ݳҲw\cƽӹ

C^90׃څ(g)c(din)ֵע⣺

(qing)Ʒ|(zh)⚤_(ti)bA^Spectaclew򄡾(ni)ؚևԻ^x義ؑ^ʢ¡ԒwϹƒS÷򡶻ŮˡȑAIJ(c(din)̎xһ(y))

ٴ˶Ŀġ^ȡˡ^cݡھϵƽȡ(du)Ԓͨ^(gu)ĉŔͨ^(gu)o(w)횑(yng)ʾ˱(dng)ؽһ(g)o^xĂ硱[11]

֮_(ti)Եď(qing)ž˼dwČW(xu)r(ji)ˣ90đČW(xu)ή@c˵ľؚĿڅ(sh)ͬVһ(g)f(shu)ǣһı팧(do)ľf(shu)m(zhn)_?yn)](mi)кõľ֧ʽܳɞһf(shu)ˡ^@һ׵Ĵڡᵽġؑ^ʢ¡wϹƒŮˡһđo(w)ԡĺAȡ٣ČW(xu)ԶǺܲеĄи@һ΄(sh)Լ_(ti)Ťġ(dng)o(w)ζŵ@Ʒİl(f)һĽKY(ji)[12]@Nڅ(sh)ټϴ󱊊ʘ(l)ʽĶӻcýwĻŔĿgͺСˡ

ٴcσc(din)“(lin)ϵ֮桱ĹܱÛ|˼oеĹ܄t^桱^(l)ͣڸйٴ̼A@nj(du)Ҏ(gu)ĻЈ(chng)ġ협(yng)Ҳnj(du)θһеġ(dng)ǾؚʧıF(xin)Մˇg(sh)ԻӘ(l)С˘(l)90(l)Ñ֮Խ(li)Խ(l)Ñ֮˅sԽ(li)ԽƱָwđһЩh̖(ho)С(chng)ԡ桱ȡٵ@NB(ti)еһȫӷγˡͲһNF(xin)ˡ

90đ򄡱Mܿwϳ»څ(sh)ڽ(jng)(j)Ļ(hu)˼롢@Щھ۵F(xin)׃D(zhun)еČW(xu)ˇg(sh)Ҳ߀pصѭxcF(xin)Ե·ǰl(f)չ80ľy(tng)δȫ^һЩõĺͱ^õđ_(ti)ԒҦh(yun)mȻ(do)ݣн(du)ʩˡ^xbԲʧһ˼롢ˇg(sh)ѵy֮߬F(xin)xĻ(chng)ڡԡ֮ČW(xu)飬ڄЏ(qing)ҵıF(xin)ֵһı^(yu)Ԓ߀Сt¡?jin)ƣe^(gu)ʿУB(nio)ˡ~(y)ˡˡ(chng)Σwҫ񣩵90đmo(w)80ġܲcޡǘӵļ󻴄c_飩@򡶶cϡʽܣӡr(nng)@һЩĿ^ӰQһr(sh)֮x90С(chng)Ҳ^m(x)ի@mںF(xin)xӰ³F(xin)˷Z(y)ȥ˼ġ桱򄡵ĬF(xin)˼ϾxŮʿ(l)ڣһ(g)o(w)xߵSo(j)KϾxf(shu)С(chng)򄡵ķf(shu)h(sh)(yn)ľҲ߀^m(x)˼ġƴNַHʽؽbF(xin)ڃ(ni)υs^80HЛ_Ļо

(dng)˂վס20o(j)β˻^(gu)ȥǽ50򄡵Ěvʷ(jng)(yn)ͽӖ(xn)r(sh)(du)NNL(zhng)ڷe۵Ć(wn)}ε˼ġՓˇg(sh)ġĽQϣ21o(j)

(dng)򄡵Ļ

ǰЇ(gu)(dng)򄡰ꑡ_(ti)ۡTĂ(g)؅^(q)đ@Z(y)Ļy(tng)һ(dng)ȻҲͬĻZ(y)˼S_(d)ʽĻYԴȷĹͬԡ(dng)҂wՓ19492000@낀(g)o(j)Ї(gu)(dng)򄡵Ļr(sh)ҪزՄ@NͬՄ@һr(sh)֮(ni)cF(xin)(sh)P(gun)ϵγɵһЩwԴ_(ti)đ򄡞?yn)@һr(sh)֮(ni)дҲ܏f(shu)(wn)}

һ@50Ĵ󲿷֕r(sh)g(ni)ĻȫČΣ򄡵ιԉˇg(sh)䡰ˌW(xu)λȫ򲿷ֵ׌oˡΡλ^힡hI(lng)䣩Ƕ^턡A(j)(zhng)򡱡޷ޑ(j)̑򡱣ԼNN(ji)ՑI(xin)Y򡱵ȵȣǶ@ӵđ򄡲܌(sh)F(xin)^cݡ֮gƽȽ`(du)Ԓ@ӵĬF(xin)֮Ҫ󣬶ǽ^(dng)ؽΡ̌(do)
@ӵđݔR(sh)ΑB(ti)һԪĻ(ni)cεĘ(gu)ɴǹʽ@ӵġcӖ(xn)Ia(chn)ıȻһr(sh)ںһ֮(ni)һġԡѡġԁ(li)ԡˡ鱾ĬF(xin)(sh)x؆һؚʳW(xu)߷Q顰MF(xin)(sh)x򡰂άF(xin)(sh)xPseudo-realism

ġr(sh)ڡˡĬF(xin)Ļ(dng)ǶԪġǕr(sh)(li)Ї(gu)TĻ˵xxxxR˼x(hu)xo(w)xȵ˼IJͬ(c)桢ͬǶȱЇ(gu)˽ĶҲ̶ͬȵƄ(dng)^(gu)Ї(gu)˼ĻĬF(xin)M(jn)Ԫ˼y(tng)һһ(g)˼š(g)Խ(zhng)(zhng)ɵij֮1949֮󣬡ˡĬF(xin)Ļ(dng)tһԪ(li)K“(lin)ġ(hu)xԡȡˬF(xin)K“(lin)(hu)xF(xin)(sh)xЇ(gu)ġF(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡ(chung)ԭtļs±F(xin)A(j)(zhng)^m(x)һ(g)¸(li)ָQ@һF(xin)Ǿᵽ^(gu)ġ(hu)xŵx(hu)ŵx@ӵġλȻ_򄡵ĆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)(yn)ؽȡˑеĺɡľÓx@NġǰǛQȻȫ󱊵˸

ڶ(dng)򄡵һĻ_(ti)ġ(g)ԡ茑(xi)(wn)}һֱc(g)ԡļJ(du)@λλıȻY(ji)195060_(ti)ġ턡(xi)dž{(dio)ο̖(ho)ʽ@(g)·ӱ_(ti)򄡽ʿٗꑵġA(j)(zhng)޷ޑcӰ򡱸L(zhng)ڷǡˡȥ桱조񡱮(hu)ūԴˁ(li)ŤĨ˵Ă(g)cū˵ͬr(sh)ҲҪһЩˡ硶ٳD(du)^A(j)ˡĿ̮(hu)ͬҲnj(du)Ե˵x͆xһ(g)ҪǰᣬdzJ(rn)ˡSԺ͏(f)sJ(rn)˵Ă(g)(g)x Individualism g(g)xHYx(hu)õJ(rn)l(f)չR˼xҲ{Լ˼wϵ(g)Եɰl(f)չҕδ(li)(hu)ҪĿ(bio)a(chn)hԡf(shu)ǴA(j)A(j)(du)Ya(chn)A(j)f(hu)@һ(g)“(lin)wÿ(g)˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[13] ѸĬF(xin)˼УЇ(gu)ĬF(xin)e
g(sh)˱(g)Զ(li)ˡ˵ĬF(xin)c(qing)(gu)P(gun)ϵǣʹ(gu)֮X(ju)(g)ԏɳ֮D(zhun)ˇ(gu)[14]mᘌ(du)Щԡ(gu)ҡڠ(g)ɵ^c(din)f(shu)(zhng)ゃ(g)˵ɣǞ(gu)Ҡ(zhng)(zhng)ゃԼ˸Ǟ(gu)Ҡ(zhng)˸ƽȵć(gu)ҲһȺūŽ(li)[15]@f(shu)ġƽȵć(gu)ҡcѸf(shu)ġˇ(gu)ǬF(xin)(gu)ҵͬxZ(y)Ї(gu)ֻгɞ@ӵġˇ(gu)ԏ(qing)˵ġɳ֮ֻcūŶ](mi)ƽȵĹć(gu)ңtֻh(yun)׸(g)xǡײxĺĺ`(du)Ƅ(dng)Ї(gu)֮F(xin)P(gun)ҪȻڂy(tng)Ļ֮xӵӰġIndividualism(g)x(g)xmЇ(gu)Ļвȫo(w)c֮ͨڵYԴ20o(j)Ї(gu)֮r(sh)sұ(gu)`xc⡣1907Ѹָ(g)һZ(y)Ї(gu)δ̖(ho)QR(sh)r(sh)֮ʿԞԍƈuc\ͬδ֪`麦֮xҲeĿ䌍(sh)Ȼӡ[16] Ѹf(shu)@N`1949֮ژO˼cF(xin)R(sh)ȱλӇ(yn)ءڡġĻ\(yn)(dng)xߴ•ƉĂ(g)Ե(sh)f(wn)֮ԭ[17]1958sȫ^(gu)(li)ˣˇI(lng)܊ܓP(yng)ڿY(ji)ɡ(zhng)Ĉ(bo)桶ˇ(zhn)ϵһ(chng)qՓĽ(jng)ëɖ|Ķf(shu)(g)x(hu)x(hu)f(wn)֮ԴԭԴ֮eԭˣĻ↢˵ĬF(xin)ĚvʷҪc˿?fn)?dng)ȻҲ^|19561957F(xin)ġķNՓБйr(nng)Nǂ(g)Եģʽ@һ•mˮ(dng)򄡌(du)^Ҏ(gu)ɵĝҪ19791989@ʮg˼֮(sh)(wn)һڰl(f)˵Ă(g)ϳ_(d)桱c֮ă(yu)ㄡ@Щnj(du)(g)xкͷܡɽȫĂ(g)ԽY(ji)ϳɵļwǏ(qing)Ѹġˇ(gu)󚢂(g)Ե^wx(sh)|(zh)ϲ^(gu)һNTotalitarianism,ֱgǡwxJ(rn)һ(g)ߟo(w)ϵwʹ@(g)ɵġw(qun)@ͽoO(qun)x͂΂(g)xĽY(ji)ṩһ(g)gڌ(do)׷(g)ԽʼO˵؉ւ(g)ԽK@һ(g)ɵı[18](dng)򄡾c@NɵıDy۵Č(du)m(x)ġy(tng)_(ki)ͨδ(li)ĬF(xin)֮·

F(xin)cF(xin)Č(du)ʹЇ(gu)(dng)γһ(g)Ļ۹Ļxķġr(sh)1940۹ȫĻ1949֮_(ti)ֻ(gu)1970Ļ(g)_(ki)ꑄt۹D(zhun)K“(lin)͡(hu)xꇠI(yng)Ļǡ]B(ti)c(gu)ĬF(xin)׷P(gun)۹ܵкͷָ؟(z)顰x⡱ꑑm(x)c“(lin)ϵǡĸ_(ti)ʮĻxı؃A̧^F(xin)ԵĽɫĻxĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎Կǽ^(du)@(dng)c(li)Ļ֮r(sh)ʹ]IJաߡM(jn)Ļġ廯(wn)}@ijЩvʷl®(dng)ȻһıȻcvʷV҂^廯ЃɷNһNǷeO_(ki)͵J(rn)ĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎c(din)ڰЩ(yu)Ė|Á(li)
һNO]͵J(rn)ĻĹͬr(ji)ֵc(din)ԡ(gu)⡱(du)M(jn)Ļԡ廯ȡF(xin)Ԓ20o(j)Ї(gu)ĕr(sh)(dng)Ȼһ(g)廯Ć(wn)}@һ(wn)}ĽQĻxf(shu)ôy͇(yn)ءf(shu)1920t(rn)ֵܵȺϺ_(ti)ݳA֮šI(y)⵽ʧf(shu)Ԓġ廯߀һ(g)І(wn)}Ԓô1924򄡅f(xi)(zh)(do)̵ӡ@ɹtf(shu)Ԓݳʽѽ(jng)ɹرֲЇ(gu)_(ti)@ѽ(jng)~ˡ廯Ҫһ

ԒČW(xu)Ą(chung)(li)f(shu)Ї(gu)Ԓһ_(ki)ʼڡ廯·ϵһhW(yng)ٻ(li)cy(tng)ˇg(sh)YԴ䄓(chung)ʹȡԒ@NʽZ(y)L(fng)ˇg(sh)ζԼƷ(ni)еǷNF(xin)Ї(gu)ˡľo(w)ǡЇ(gu)˵ġ30Ї(gu)Ԓڅ졣ʲôС족ѽ(jng)׃ɵصصЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡵һNʽһNΑB(ti)l(shu)f(shu)hخܵ˵ЩԒЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡵Ľ(jng)ΛrЇ(gu)ԒĮa(chn)Ͱl(f)չҲǃHHһ(g)ˇg(sh)ʽĆ(wn)}Ї(gu)ĻF(xin)һ֣˵ĬF(xin)tҪă(ni)ġԁ(li)ԒĆx䌦(du)˵ĬF(xin)׷֪@ӿ(li)ڿՕr(sh)P(gun)ڑʽӑՓǷN񶨡ġɾġ廯̖(ho)(c(din)̎xһ(y))

@ȻAsA(f)xx廯(sh)Hϳr(nng)񻯣(sh)|(zh)һNĻxAıF(xin)ĴԒͱMһ(g)ԭ(li)ͲǡЇ(gu)ġ^ıخh(yun)겻ɡ족廯΄(w)@(g)˼·40Ӱ1949֮(g)ꑣԒġ廯cġxġ˵đ򄡡xϵĬF(xin)򄡱Y(li)

廯ǰǬF(xin)@(g)߉݋s^ɫ׷Ҳ׃˾ܽ^(li)M(jn)Ļē߳ɞ(f)šfͬxZ(y)픶ͣijЩg(sh)ֶκʽصİúģ

90Ļx˼ķEУһNǶǵ^c(din)J(rn)飺ԽľԽġҰѴԒİl(f)(qun)w֮Ѹ䌍(sh)Ѹд1934419ꐟf(shu)F(xin)ڵČW(xu)Ҳһеطɫʵģ׳ɞe(gu)עȥЇ(gu)֮(dng)[19]Ո(qng)עطɫʡڡԡe(gu)ע⡱Ҳǫ@ˡx˼(li)@vˇg(sh)еġ󮐡sˇg(sh)r(ji)ֵJ(rn)ͬеԆ(wn)}߉݋(yng)ԓ@ӵģһxˇg(sh)ȻǾɫһоɫˇg(sh)Գɞ

֮(ni)c|(zh)⚤ڏ(f)sĻ_ͻʧȥCĽy(tng)һʧΡxĬF(xin)ڮ(dng)Еr(sh)аl(f)ǰ(dng)Ї(gu)Ļ(zhn)r(sh)|(zh)֮Ͼ֮ġĻֽ⡱Փஔ(dng)ЧظT(sh)`ˡ؄eǮ(dng)@Nֽ⡱ՓcAκĻxY(ji)ϵĕr(sh)䌦(du)򄡵ؓ(f)ӰǾ޴ġdzF(xin)ˡάF(xin)ԡ(wn)}Щ|(zh)⚤¡(ni)f^F(xin)򄡡ġF(xin)ԡһNάF(xin)ԡ1957걱_(ti)ϳF(xin)ġٳD䌧(do)ݵַcO(sh)Ӌ(j)ǺܡF(xin)䡰ɡּϵľ(ni)sʮfģČR(sh)1963Ϻ_(ti)ϳF(xin)ġM(jn)ⲿF(xin)ַϾ͸¡ˣ(ni)ڵġꡱsvsˮ(dng)r(sh)޷ޡ΃(ni)Hp֪R(sh)ӂ(g)׷ķxAǺ@wF(xin)άF(xin)ԡӰ򡱾͸ӵˡZ(y)ǺܡF(xin)@ԲԣⲿF(xin)ֶf(shu)ஔ(dng)Ȼĺľsһc(din)ҲF(xin)̎ڷ]ԵҹԴĻđB(ti)֮£䡰顱MäĿr(ji)ֵ^вɡǬF(xin)ķ⽨xĖ|ġӢĻĸf(shu)ǂ(g)Ե`F(xin)W(xu)Ҫ׷֮֮֮ġ҂f(shu)ӰȫЇ(gu)򄡬F(xin)M(jn)@һ(g)(zhng)Œ(sh)P(gun)@N|(zh)⚤c(ni)IJy(tng)һڸf(shu)^(gu)@ӸԷĸûʮ(dng)Ȼѽ(jng)(li)ˇg(sh)˥΢Ę(bio)־ͬr(sh)Ҳmӳă(ni)ݣ؄eǑ{ƴ(li)Qă(ni)[20]90S|(zh)xÛcĻ̓ƽӹ֮L(fng)@һF(xin)А԰l(f)չЇ(gu)ʽV滯ġ^xԡԷĸûʡwҲʾˇg(sh)˥΢^ȡ˃(ni)g(sh)ȡˇg(sh)xʽȡȡ˄(chung)죬йٴ̼ȡˌ[21]ǣ򄡾ήsČW(xu)λ߅o(j)֮@һF(xin)ձP(gun)ע

Y(ji)Z(y)

20o(j)Ї(gu)򄡸S(gu)(hu)ĬF(xin)M(jn)l(f)ۡ(f)s׃c(jng)(j)Ļ׃“(lin)ϵc(hu)˼˵ĠB(ti)m(yng)m(x)y(tng)Ļ(li)|(zh)Ļă(yu)ɹ(ni)c|(zh)⚤кܴĸº̈́(chung)Щ(yu)đʹЇ(gu)˽w(yn)Լʽh(hun)?sh)ʘ?l)ԼpԼJ(rn)R(sh)ԼԼAԼĶ_(ki)ؾĿg(yu)Ļh(hun)@ЩÑ?q)ʷ棬ɞ?jng)

cF(xin)R(sh)ȁ(li)ĻЇ(gu)ĻĜYԴcF(xin)(sh)ҪڑI(lng)׃һ_(ki)ʼF(xin)x֮dwЇ(gu)֮F(xin)͡ԒQcЇ(gu)֮ŵ䄡͡ĸ£Ķʹǧ겻׃ġһԪB(ti)׃?yu)顰ԒԪB(ti)(li)Ї(gu)򄡰l(f)չĻ(dng)ֻdžcF(xin)R(sh)wF(xin)҂?c)ʮǰġЇ?gu)F(xin)ʷ塷ѽ(jng)ָ^(gu)˵xx(i)(gu)xԼ(chung)ϵĬF(xin)(sh)xȻں50򄡵ĬF(xin)M(jn)˸󡢸(f)sҲyR(sh)eۺ?yn)AM(jn)oԸӡF(xin)ĸX(ju)ĸĽyʹЇ(gu)X(ju)`X(ju)cF(xin)R(sh)(jng)vˏ⵽ؽۚv

R˼xc(hu)xȻ(hu)M(jn)׷F(xin)ģֻܰM(jn)һl(f)չ˵@ЩQܸc“(lin)ϵ20o(j)50ĚvʷV҂c@ЩF(xin)R(sh)֮“(lin)ϵ(jng)(j)Ļܽl(f)չ(hu)˼˾ͳMݡF(xin)򄡾񡱾͕(hu)ߓP(yng)֮@N“(lin)ϵӖ(xn)ʮ֑Kʹġ@һc(din)Hı(sh)(du)ijЩr(sh)ǡĸr(sh)ڑ򄡵u(png)оͿ÷dzʹm(yng)(jng)(j)ΡĻĸĸM(jn)(hu)˼˵M(jn)˞鱾O(sh)C(hu)Ї(gu)F(xin)˜I(y)ҵԼǡ(dng)λãЇ(gu)򄡽ͬһ(hu)҂(yng)еŬ

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] ꐰ׉mЇ(gu)F(xin)ʷ塷1(y)Ї(gu)򄡳1989

[2] []ղءR(k)֮SСg151(y)VW(xu)2001

[3] []ER˾^F(xin)ԥ g181188(y)Ϻgij1996

[4] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615ա

[5] ﱾ һ܊`ꡪخLՄ䛡2542(y)K2001

[6] []h˹W񡤼_(d)ĬchgϾ14(y)Ϻgij1999

[7] []R˼ڸ񠖷܌W(xu)С(do)ԡҊ(jin)R˼˹xһ15(y)1972

[8] ͽ𣺡S䛡811(y)x(sh)֪“(lin)(sh)1987

[9] o(j)ƣСƽͬ־S20048 

[10] []׌ſˡR󣺡ՓƌW(xu)cˇg(sh)21(y)̄(w)ӡ(sh)^1960

[11] []²^(hu)35(y)ϾW(xu)2006ע^һ~҂?c)Õr(sh)J(rn)g鎧Hxġ^ԭ

[12] ?jin)ƣf(wn)ҟ𡷣(chung)ӛ203(y)Ї(gu)2004

[13] R˼˹xһ273(y)1972

[14] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057(y)ČW(xu)1981档

[15] mBԼ˼롷mļ511512(y)W(xu)1998档

[16] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057(y)ČW(xu)1981档

[17] 棨˹꣩f(wn)֮ԭ³һ1̖(ho)191911գ

[18] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615ա

[19] Ѹȫʮ391(y)ČW(xu)1981档

[20] []ڸ񠖣W(xu)❓gƒ(c)281(y)̄(w)ӡ(sh)^1981

[21] ՓЇ(gu)(dng)򄡾ήsͲSx˼m(x)121(y)ϾW(xu)2006档

P(gun)~ Ї(gu)(dng)

c(din)x

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