經(jīng)濟學專業(yè)術(shù)語（中英文對照）

　目錄 1. 經(jīng)濟學原理 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. 像經(jīng)濟學家一樣思考 ......................................................................................................................... 2 3. 相互依存性與貿(mào)易的好處 ................................................................................................................. 3 4. 供給與需求的市場力量 ..................................................................................................................... 3 5. 彈性及其應用 ..................................................................................................................................... 4 6. 供給需求與政策 ................................................................................................................................. 4 7. 消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率 ............................................................................................................. 4 8. 賦稅的應用 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 9. 國際貿(mào)易 ............................................................................................................................................. 5 10. 外部性 ............................................................................................................................................... 5 11. 公共物品和公共資源 ....................................................................................................................... 5 12. 稅制設(shè)計 ........................................................................................................................................... 5 13. 生產(chǎn)成本 ........................................................................................................................................... 6 14. 競爭市場上的企業(yè) ........................................................................................................................... 7 15. 壟斷 ................................................................................................................................................... 7 16. 壟斷競爭 ........................................................................................................................................... 7 17. 寡頭 ................................................................................................................................................... 7 18. 生產(chǎn)要素市場 ................................................................................................................................... 8 19. 收入與歧視 ....................................................................................................................................... 8 20. 收入不平等與貧困 ........................................................................................................................... 8 21. 消費者選擇理論 ............................................................................................................................... 9 22. 微觀經(jīng)濟學前沿 ............................................................................................................................... 9 23. 一國收入的衡量 ............................................................................................................................. 10 24. 生活費用的衡量 ............................................................................................................................. 10 25. 生產(chǎn)與增長 ..................................................................................................................................... 10 26. 儲蓄、投資和金融體系 ................................................................................................................. 11 27. 金融學的基本工具 ......................................................................................................................... 11 28. 失業(yè) ................................................................................................................................................. 12 29. 貨幣制度 ......................................................................................................................................... 12 30. 貨幣增長與通貨膨脹 ..................................................................................................................... 13 31. 開放經(jīng)濟的宏觀經(jīng)濟學 ................................................................................................................. 14 32. 開放經(jīng)濟的宏觀經(jīng)濟理論 ............................................................................................................. 14 33. 總需求與總供給 ............................................................................................................................. 14 34. 貨幣政策和財政政策對總需求影響 ............................................................................................. 15 35. 通脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 ................................................................................................. 15

　1. 經(jīng)濟學原理 經(jīng)濟:(economy) 稀缺性:(scarcity) 經(jīng)濟學:(economics) 效率:(efficiency) 平等:(equality) 機會成本:(opporyunity cost) 理性人:(rational people) 邊際變動:(marginal change) 邊際收益:(marginal benefit) 邊際成本:(marginal cost) 激勵:(incentive) 市場經(jīng)濟:(market economy) 產(chǎn)權(quán):(property rights) 市場失靈:(market failure) 外部性:(externality) 市場勢力:(market power) 生產(chǎn)率:(productivity) 通貨膨脹:(inflation) 經(jīng)濟周期:(business cycle) 2. 像經(jīng)濟學家一樣思考 循環(huán)流量圖:(circular-flow diagram) 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界:(production possibilities) 微觀經(jīng)濟學:(microeconomics) 宏觀經(jīng)濟學:(macroeconomics) 實證表述:(positive statements) 規(guī)范表述:(normative statements)

　有序數(shù)對:(ordered pair) 3. 相互依存性與貿(mào)易的好處 絕對優(yōu)勢:(absolute advantage) 機會成本:(apportunity cost) 比較優(yōu)勢:(comparative advantage) 進口品:(imports) 出口品:(exports) 4. 供給與需求的市場力量 市場:(market) 競爭市場:(competitive market) 需求量:(quantity demand) 需求定理:(law of demand) 需求表:(demand schedule) 需求曲線:(demand curve) 正常物品:(normal good) 低檔物品:(inferior good) 替代品:(substitutes) 互補品:(complements) 供給量:(quantity supplied) 供給定理:(law of supply) 供給表:(supply schedule) 供給曲線:(supply curve) 均衡:(equilibrium) 均衡價格:(equilibrium price) 均衡數(shù)量:(equilibrium quantity) 過剩:(surplus)

　短缺:(shortage) 供求定理:(law of supply and demand) 5. 彈性及其應用 彈性:(elasticity) 需求價格彈性:(price elasticity of demand) 總收益:(total revenue) 需求收入彈性:(income elasticity) 需求的交叉價格彈性:(cross-price elasticity) 供給價格彈性:(price elasticity of supply) 6. 供給需求與政策 價格上限:(price ceiling) 價格下限:(price floor) 稅收歸宿:(tax incidence) 7. 消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率 福利經(jīng)濟學:(welfare economics) 支付意愿:(willingness to pay) 消費者剩余:(consumer surplus) 成本:(cost) 生產(chǎn)者剩余:(producer surplus) 效率:(efficiency) 平等:(equality) 8. 賦稅的應用 無謂損失:(deadweight loss)

　9. 國際貿(mào)易 世界價格:(world price) 關(guān)稅:(tariff) 10. 外部性 外部性:(externality) 外部性內(nèi)在化:(internalizing the externality) 矯正稅:(corrective taxes) 科斯定理:(coase theorem) 交易成本:(transaction cost) 11. 公共物品和公共資源 排他性:(excludability) 消費中的競爭性:(rivalry in consumption) 私人物品:(private goods) 公共物品:(public goods) 公共資源:(common resources) 俱樂部物品:(club goods) 搭便車者:(free rider) 成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis) 公地悲劇:(tragedy of commons) 12. 稅制設(shè)計 納稅義務:(tax lianility) 預算赤字:(budget defict) 預算盈余:(budget surplus) 平均稅率:(average tax rate)

　邊際稅率:(marginal tax rate) 定額稅:(lump-sum tax) 受益原則:(benefits principle) 支付能力原則:(ability-to-pay principle) 縱向平等:(vertical equity) 橫向平等:(horizontal equity) 比例稅:(proportional tax) 累退稅:(regressive tax) 累進稅:(progressive tax) 13. 生產(chǎn)成本 總收益:(total revenue) 總成本:(total cost) 利潤:(profit) 顯性成本:(explicit costs) 隱性成本:(implicit costs) 經(jīng)濟利潤:(economic profit) 會計利潤:(counting profit) 生產(chǎn)函數(shù):(production function) 邊際產(chǎn)量:(marginal product) 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減:(diminishing marginal product) 固定成本:(fixed costs) 可變成本:(variable costs) 平均總成本:(average total cost) 平均固定成本:(average fixed costs) 平均可變成本:(average variable costs) 邊際成本:(marginal cost) 有效規(guī)模:(efficient scale) 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟:(economies of scale)

　規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟:(diseconomies of scale) 規(guī)模收益不變:(constant returns to scale) 14. 競爭市場上的企業(yè) 競爭市場:(competitive market) 平均收益:(average revenue) 邊際收益:(marginal revenue) 沉沒成本:(sunk revenue) 15. 壟斷 壟斷企業(yè):(monopoly) 自然壟斷:(natural monopoly) 價格歧視:(price discrimination) 16. 壟斷競爭 寡頭:(oligopoly) 壟斷競爭:(monopolistic competition) 17. 寡頭 博弈論:(game theory) 勾結(jié):(collusion) 卡特爾:(cartel) 納什均衡:(Nash equilibrium) 囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma) 占優(yōu)策略:(dominant strategy)

　18. 生產(chǎn)要素市場 生產(chǎn)要素:(factors of production) 生產(chǎn)函數(shù):(production function) 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量:(marginal product of labor) 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減:(diminishing marginal product) 邊際產(chǎn)量值:(value of the marginal product) 資本:(capital) 19. 收入與歧視 補償性工資差別:(compensating differential) 人力資本:(human capital) 工會:(union) 罷工:(strike) 效率工資:(efficiency) 歧視:(discrimination) 20. 收入不平等與貧困 貧困率:(poverty rate) 貧困率:(poverty line) 實物轉(zhuǎn)移支付:(in-kind transfers) 生命周期:(life cycle) 持久收入:(permanent income) 功利主義:(utilitariansm) 效用:(utilitariansm) 自由主義:(liberalism) 最大最小準則:(maximin criterion) 負所得稅:(negative income tax)

　福利:(welfare) 社會保險:(social insurance) 自由至上主義:(libertarianism) 21. 消費者選擇理論 預算約束線:(budget constraint) 無差異曲線:(indiffernnce curve) 邊際替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution) 完全替代品:(perfect substitudes) 完全互補品:(perfect complements) 正常物品:(normal good) 低檔物品:(inferior good) 收入效應:(income effect) 替代效應:(substitution effect) 吉芬物品:(Giffen good) 22. 微觀經(jīng)濟學前沿 道德風險:(moral hazard) 代理人:(agent) 委托人:(principal) 逆向選擇:(adverse selection) 發(fā)信號:(signaling) 篩選:(screening) 政治經(jīng)濟學:(political economy) 康多塞悖論:(condorcet paradox) 阿羅不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility) 中值選民定理:(median vater theorem) 行為經(jīng)濟學:(behavioral economics)

　23. 一國收入的衡量 微觀經(jīng)濟學:(microeconomics) 宏觀經(jīng)濟學:(macroeconomics) 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:(gross domestic product,GDP) 消費:(consumption) 投資:(investment) 政府購買:(government purchase) 凈出口:(net export) 名義 GDP:(nominal GDP) 真實 GDP:(real GDP) GDP 平減指數(shù):(GDP deflator) 24. 生活費用的衡量 消費物價指數(shù):(consumer price index,CPI) 通貨膨脹率:(inflation rate) 生產(chǎn)物價指數(shù):(produer price index,PPI) 指數(shù)化:(indexation) 生活費用津貼:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA) 名義利率:(nominal interest rate) 25. 生產(chǎn)與增長 生產(chǎn)率:(productivity) 物質(zhì)資本:(physical capital) 人力資本:(human capital) 自然資源:(natural resources) 技術(shù)知識:(technological knoeledge) 收益遞減:(diminishing returns) 追趕效應:(catch-up effect)

　26. 儲蓄、投資和金融體系 金融體系:(financial system) 金融市場:(financial markets) 債券:(bond) 股票:(stock) 金融中介機構(gòu):(financial intermediaries) 共同基金:(mutual fund) 國民儲蓄:(national saving) 私人儲蓄:(private saving) 公共儲蓄:(public saving) 預算盈余:(budget surplus) 預算赤字:(budget deficit) 可貸資金市場:(market for loanable funds) 擠出:(crowding out) 27. 金融學的基本工具 金融學:(finance) 現(xiàn)值:(present value) 終值:(future value) 復利:(compounding) 風險厭惡:(risk aversion) 多元化:(diversification) 企業(yè)特有風險:(firm-specific risk) 市場風險:(market risk) 基本面風險:(fundamental analysis) 有效市場假說:(efficient markets by pothesis) 信息有效:(informational efficiency) 隨機游走:(random walk)

　28. 失業(yè) 勞動力:(laborforce) 失業(yè)率:(unemployment rate) 勞動力參與率:(labor-force participation rate) 自然失業(yè)率:(natural rate of unemployment) 周期性失業(yè):(cyclical unemployment) 失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers) 摩擦性失業(yè):(frictional unemployment) 結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè):(structural unemployment) 尋找工作:(job search) 失業(yè)保險:(unemployment insurance) 工會:(union) 集體談判:(collective bargaining) 罷工:(strike) 效率工資:(essiciency wages) 29. 貨幣制度 貨幣:(money) 交換媒介:(medium of exchange) 計價單位:(unit of account) 價值儲藏手段:(store of value) 流動性:(liquidity) 商品貨幣:(commodity money) 法定貨幣:(fiat money) 通貨:(currency) 活期存款:(demand deposits) 聯(lián)邦儲備局:(Federal Reserve) 中央銀行:(central bank)

　貨幣供給:(money supply) 貨幣政策:(monetary policy) 準備金:(reserves) 部分準備金銀行:(fractional-reserve banking) 準備金率:(reserve ratio) 貨幣乘數(shù):(money multiplier) 銀行資本:(bank capital) 杠桿:(leverage) 杠桿率:(leverage ratio) 資本需要量:(capital requirement) 公開市場操作:(open-market operations) 貼現(xiàn)率:(discount rate) 法定準備金:(reserve requirements) 補充金融計劃:(supplementary financing program) 聯(lián)邦基金利率:(federal funds rate) 30. 貨幣增長與通貨膨脹 鏟除通脹:(whip Inflation Now) 貨幣數(shù)量論:(quantity theory of money) 名義變量:(nominal variables) 真實變量:(real variables) 古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy) 貨幣中性:(monetary neutrality) 貨幣流通速度:(velocity of money) 數(shù)量方程式:(quantity equation) 通貨膨脹稅:(inflation tax) 費雪效應:(Fisher effect) 皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost) 菜單成本:(menu costs)

　31. 開放經(jīng)濟的宏觀經(jīng)濟學 封閉經(jīng)濟:(closed economy) 開放經(jīng)濟:(open economy) 出口:(exports) 凈出口:(net exports) 貿(mào)易余額:(trade balance) 貿(mào)易盈余:(trade surplus) 貿(mào)易平衡:(balanced trade) 貿(mào)易赤字:(trade deficit) 資本凈流出:(net capital outflow) 名義匯率:(nominal exchange rate) 升值:(appreciation) 貶值:(depreciation) 真實匯率:(real exchange rate) 購買力平價:(purchasing-power parity) 32. 開放經(jīng)濟的宏觀經(jīng)濟理論 貿(mào)易政策:(trade policy) 資本外逃:(capital flight) 33. 總需求與總供給 衰退:(recession) 蕭條:(depression) 總需求與總供給模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply) 總需求曲線:(aggregate-demand curve) 總供給曲線:(aggregate-supply curve) 自然產(chǎn)出水平:(natural level of output) 滯脹:(stagflation)

　34. 貨幣政策和財政政策對總需求影響 流動性偏好理論:(theory of liquidity) 財政政策:(fisical policy) 乘數(shù)效應:(multiplier effect) 擠出效應:(crowding-out effect) 自動穩(wěn)定器:(automatic stabilizers) 35. 通脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 菲利普斯曲線:(phillips curve) 自然率假說:(natural-rate hypothesis) 供給沖擊:(supply shock) 犧牲率:(sacrifice ratio) 理性預期:(rational expectations)

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