英美文學(xué)資料篇一：英美文學(xué)資料

《英美文學(xué)》（03119）復(fù)習(xí)大綱

第一部分 英國(guó)文學(xué)

一、 課程簡(jiǎn)介

本課程簡(jiǎn)要介紹英國(guó)各個(gè)歷史斷代的主要文學(xué)文化思潮,文學(xué)流派,主要作家; 本課程要求學(xué)生掌握英國(guó)文學(xué)史上各個(gè)時(shí)期的文學(xué)特點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)的文學(xué)流派以及該時(shí)期一至兩位重要作家的文學(xué)生涯,創(chuàng)作思想,藝術(shù)特色及代表作品；并要求學(xué)生做到在掌握有關(guān)知識(shí)理論的基礎(chǔ)上使之轉(zhuǎn)換這能力，即能用有關(guān)知識(shí)和理論來分析英國(guó)文學(xué)中的相關(guān)問題。

二、 課程重點(diǎn)章節(jié)簡(jiǎn)介： 第一章:古代與中世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué) 1. <<貝爾武夫>> 2. 喬叟及其代表作 第二章: 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期 1. 文藝復(fù)興的定義

2. 薩士比亞的戲劇及十四行詩(shī) 3. 培根的代表作

第三章: 十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué) 1.

彌爾頓的代表作<<失樂園>>、詩(shī)劇<<力士參孫>>的主要內(nèi)容及<<失樂園>>選短

第四章: 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期 1. 新古典主義 2. 傷感主義 3. 笛福及代表作 4. 蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主義時(shí)期 1. 浪漫主義時(shí)期文學(xué)的特點(diǎn) 2. 彭斯的創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)及代表作 3. 華茲華斯的創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)及代表作 4. 拜倫詩(shī)歌的特點(diǎn)及代表作 第六章: 維多利亞時(shí)期 1. 2. 1. 2.

維多利亞時(shí)期的文學(xué)特點(diǎn) 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)

湯姆斯.哈代創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)及代表作

3.

D.H.勞倫斯創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)及代表作

4. 《魯濱遜漂流記》中魯濱遜的人物分析 5. 蒲伯的《論批評(píng)》的主題 6. 英文解釋《論批評(píng)》

第五章: 浪漫主義時(shí)期：

1. 浪漫主義時(shí)期的界定及文學(xué)特點(diǎn) 2. 彭斯的詩(shī)歌的特點(diǎn)及其詩(shī)作“紅玫瑰” 3. 華茲華斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌謠

集》的重要意義 4. 華茲華斯的詩(shī)歌特點(diǎn)

5. 英文解釋華茲華斯“我如行云獨(dú)自游”

中的句子

6. 拜倫“致希臘”的主題并用英語解釋其

中句子

7. 雪萊“西風(fēng)頌” 的主題并用英語解釋其

中句子

第六章: 維多利亞時(shí)期 1. 維多利亞時(shí)期的文學(xué)特點(diǎn)

2. 艾米莉。布朗特的《呼嘯山莊》的主題 3. 夏洛特。布朗特的《簡(jiǎn)。愛》中簡(jiǎn)。愛

的人物分析

第七章: 現(xiàn)代時(shí)期 1. 現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)的特點(diǎn) 2. 哈代的代表作及寫作特點(diǎn) 3. 勞倫斯小說的主題及人物分析

三、 本課程重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介 第一章:古代與中世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)：

1．<<貝爾武夫>>簡(jiǎn)介及在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上的意義。

2．喬叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》對(duì)英國(guó)文學(xué)做出的貢獻(xiàn)。 3．名詞解釋“騎士抒情詩(shī)”

第二章: 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期： 1. 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的時(shí)間界定 2. “文藝復(fù)興”的名詞解釋 3. “人文主義” 的名詞解釋 4. 莎士比亞的 “Sonnet 18”的主題 5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析 6. 英語解釋《論學(xué)習(xí)》中的句子

第三章: 十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)：

1. 英語解釋彌爾頓《失樂園》選段中的句

子

2. 《失樂園》的主要內(nèi)容和意義 3. 《失樂園》中撒旦的人物分析

第四章: 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期： 1. 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期的界定 2. 新古典主義的基本主張和特色 3. 傷感主義的名詞解釋

第七章: 現(xiàn)代時(shí)期

四、課程內(nèi)容疏理及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域、應(yīng)用講解方法 I. Old and Medieval Period

1．The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th century – 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of English )

Beowulf ：It is the first long poem in English, which is considered the national epic of the English people. Although Beowulf is a national epic of the English people, but it is a story of the Scandinavians 2.The Anglo – Norman Period

1)The most prevailing (主要的) of literature in the feudal England is Romance(騎士抒情詩(shī)).

名詞解釋：Romance

---------Romance is a literature form in middle English literature means a long composition in verse or prose form dealing with the life and

adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight(騎士).The knights are unfailingly devoted to the king and the church. They are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fighting for their lords and always encountering romantic love affairs. In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of literature, is the upper class literature.

2) Geoffrey Chaucer – “the father of English poetry” and “the father of English fiction"

His masterpiece – Canterbury Tale is regarded as one of the monumental works in English literature.

論述題：

Briefly introduce the significance of Chaucer in his Canterbury Tale. (1) His contribution to English literature can be seen in two aspects:

a. Realism:

All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her or his own individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucer’s time.b. Humanism:

He highly praises man’s energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he reveals his ideas of humanism. (2) His contribution to English language:

Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages used by the upper classes. Chaucer chose to use the London dialect of his

day in his masterpiece. In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard for the Modern English speech. II、The Renaissance Period (14th to mid-17th) 名詞解釋：

1、Renaissance :The word “Renaissance” means revival, especially between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greek

and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主義) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.

2.Humanism: Humanism is both the keynote of the Renaissance and the intellectual liberation movement, associate with new attitude to ancient Greek and Latin literature. The humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.

3. Shakespeare

His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragi-comedies. Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth 1). Hamlet,例題： 論述題：

What are the main themes in Shakespeare’s tragedies, and analysis the character- Hamlet.( What’s the theme of Hamlet? Analyze the image of Hamle

the whloe nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in their characters, which finally lead to their tragic falls.

His tagedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected

Shakespear puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of the Renaissance. He has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he loves

and is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for rank and wealth; he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educate

soldier, and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance. His weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy an

2）Sonnet 18

It is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, the poet holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poety.

3）Sonnet 29

In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. 記住這兩首詩(shī)及注釋。 例題：

1.“For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth brings, Ham;et still retains his active energy. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th an

That then I scorn to change my statewith kings.”

1) 2) 3)

Answer:

1) Snonnet 29 by Shakespeare 2) Throne

3) In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he

loves.

4．Francis Bacon(1561 – 1626) is regarded “Father of English Essays”.

He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.

His works : Advancement of Learning ，The great Instauration, New Atlantics, Essays(論說文集)

Of the 58 essays in Essays , “Of Study” is the better known and widely read. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character. 記熟此文的名句及注釋

例題：“some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;”

1).What does “curiously” mean? 2) What does “deputy” refer to?

3).From which essay does the above sentense come, what is the easy mainly about? Answer:

1).carefully, attentively

2).person appointed to act for another

3).This essay is from Bacon’s “of studies”. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to

pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character. III. The Seventeenth Century

I John Milton

His major literary works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, all of which are based on the biblical legend. 記熟Paradise Lost選段及注釋

例題：Give a brief comment on John Milton’s Paradise Lost, and anaylze Satan, the hero in this poem.

Answer: The poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.” However, the main idea of the poem shown by the image of Satan, is a revolt against the tyranny’s authority. The defiant spirit of Satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after Restoration. In the image of the first two human beings, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between Adam and Eve voices Milton’s own enthusiasm for humanistic elements.

Though the purpose of this poem is, in Milton’s words, to “ justify the ways of God to man”, yet as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyrnny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. In this part Satan tells his followers never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. The fiery utterance of Satan to his followers exposes Satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyranny and longing for freedom, and shows Milton’s intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. To Milton, the proud and sobre Saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority. IV. The Age of Enlightenment 名詞解釋：

1. Enlightenment

-------- It prevailed the whole 18th century. Its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners put great emphasis on reason, equality and science. They insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts Identify the poem and the poet. What does the word “state” mean? What is the poem about?

and activities. They call for order, reason and rules. Moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. They believed that human beings were limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education.

2．Sentimentalism:

--------There were the writers and poets in 18th century who strove for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to play a leading part again. An interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.

3．簡(jiǎn)答題

What are the characteristics of Neoclassicism? Answer: 書上P103。 4．Daniel Defoe

(1) He is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and his Robinson Crusoe has a claim to be the first English novel. (2) The analysis of Robinson:

Robinson represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend to his will. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. Labour saves Robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own. His every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, Robinson assumes the role of a master. Here lies colonialism in germ.

5．Alexander Pope

.“Essay on Criticism” is didactic poem. It deplores the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.

The excerpt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “Essay on Criticism”. It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.

記熟該詩(shī)及注釋。

例題：those attain’d, we tremble to survey The growing labours of the lengthen’d way,

Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes, Hills peep o’er hills, and Alps on Alps 1). Identify the poem and the poet. 2). What does “survey” mean? 3). What does these lines imply?

Answer: 1) Alexander Pope’s. “Essay on Criticism”2).find

2)

It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the

importance of learning intensively and extensively.

V. The Romantic Period（這一章是重點(diǎn)章節(jié)，注意所選詩(shī)歌的注釋及主題） 1.General features of Romanticism

這一部分可能出論述題或簡(jiǎn)答題（論述題要答約200個(gè)字，簡(jiǎn)答題50-80個(gè)字）參見書上P171-174。 例題：How is Romanticism different from the Neoclassicism?

Answer: 先論述Romanticism的特點(diǎn)P171-174，然后論述Neoclassicism特點(diǎn)P103-105。 I) Robert Burns 記熟“Red red rose”

例題（詩(shī)歌這種形式出這樣的題比較多）： “Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,

And the rocks melt wi’ the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o’life shall run.”

(1) Identify the poem and the poet. (2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza.

(3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can deduce which period it belongs to.

Answer:

(1) Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”

(2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural (3) Romanticism

2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate(桂冠詩(shī)人) of England.

.The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.

Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets”. 記熟 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” 及注釋、、主題

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” is regarded as the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of

Wordsworth’s poetic belifs. 3）Byron:

(1) He created “Byronic Hero” in his works. (2)“The Isles of Greece”

In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her foreman’s glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek people’s patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion.

記熟 “The Isles of Greece” 及注釋 4）Shelley

“Ode to the West Wind” is one of the most prized of Shelley’s shorter lyrics.

In this poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. The main

theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.

記熟 “Ode to the West Wind” 及注釋

5）The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.

VI. The Victorian Period(這一章著重于小說，注意小說的主題是什么，主角是誰，主角的人物分析)

1.Characteristics of this age: 1) an age of prose

Since the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.

Newspapers, magazines are about the world’s daily life, and novels are the most pleasant form of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenting modern problems and modern ideals.

2) an age emphasized the moral purpose

The prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art for art’s sake and to be actuated by a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. So Victorian Age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up health and hope as the normal conditions of humanity.

3) an age of doubt and pessimism

Because the scientific discovery and especially the Evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism.

2. Charles Dickens: He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. The theme of his novels

He has a serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. In his work, he

attempts to call people’s attention to the existing social problem and thus bring about some reform or amelioration.P293

Oliver Twist: In this noval,Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferance of the poor,and makes a complete exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy.

1) The Brontes

英美文學(xué)資料篇二：英美文學(xué) 復(fù)習(xí)資料

英 美 文 學(xué)

I. 本期講過的所有名家名作

II．名詞術(shù)語:

Ode

——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.

Alliteration

——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.

It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.e.g.

Kenning

——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.

e.g. Helmet bearer—— warrior

Swan road——the sea

The world candle—— the sun

Repetition &Variation

e.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature /

the foe / horrible monster

A host of young soldiers / a company of

Kinsmen / a whole warrior-band

Caesura

——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura.

e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.

the gold-hall of men, the mead-drinking place

nailed with gold plates. That was not the first visit

Ballad

——is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets

and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.

Epic

——is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton’s Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.

? The six main characteristics:

1. The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.

2. The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.

3. The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage.

4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.

5. It is written in a very special style.

6. The poet tries to remain objective.

Sonnet (Italian Sonnet, Shakespearean Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet, Miltonic Sonnet)

① Italian sonnet

? created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School.

? Petrarch (1304-1374) most famous early sonneteer

? It falls into two main parts:

? an rhyming ―abbaabba‖ (set up a problem ) + ? followed by a rhyming ―cdecde‖ or some variant, such as ―cdccdc‖ (answer)

② English / Shakespearean sonnet

? The greatest practitioner: William Shakespeare

? three quatrains followed by a couplet

? often presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains ? The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end.

——a fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming：③ Spenserian sonnet

? A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser ? three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet ? ——octave (an eight line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.

④ Miltonic Sonnet

Conceit

——in literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century.

Simile

— is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. Simile is almost always introduced by the following words: like, as, as…as, as it were, as if, as though, be something of, similar to, etc.

Metaphor

— is a figure of speech where comparison is implied. It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this comparison is implied, not expressed with the word "as" or "like".

Symbol

——In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.

? I. Universal or cultural symbols/traditional symbols

are those whose associations are the common property of a society or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal.

e.g. water—life

Serpent—the Devil

Lamb—Jesus Christ

II. Contextual, Authorial, or Private symbols

are those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional; instead, they derive their meaning, largely if not exclusively, from the context of the work in which they are used. e.g. the albatross in Coleridge’s ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖

Synecdoche

——a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part

e.g. My baby woke for a bottle. [提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般.] Oxymoron

——is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory. Oxymora

appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective–noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: And faith unf(來自:www.newchangjing.com 蒲公 英文 摘:英美文學(xué)資料)aithful kept him falsely true.

e.g. painful pleasurea thunderous silence

Pun

——The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, and George Carlin.

? Puns can be classified in various ways:

①The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.

②A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.

③Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.

④A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.

⑤A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.

⑥Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture.

Personification

——a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.

Exaggeration

Dramatic monologue

—— a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience —— in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event characterized by Irony an incongruity, or contrast, between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case.

——A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency, in which an apparently straightforward

statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance. Allusion

——is a figure of speech, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection; where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference". Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices. A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock or T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. James Joyce Romanticism

——Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.

Modernism

——Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.

? The basic themes of modernism:

1. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.

2. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.

3. Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did.

? The characteristics of modernism：

1. Complexity and obscurity: (juxtaposition, no limitation of space)

2. The use of symbols: (symbol: a means to express theirinexpressible selves)

3. Allusion: (Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature, art, history, or religion.)

4. Irony: (an expression of one’s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.)

Rhyme scheme

——the pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza.

英美文學(xué)資料篇三：英美文學(xué)選讀復(fù)習(xí)資料

英國(guó)文學(xué)選讀 復(fù)習(xí)資料

一.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.喬叟 時(shí)期

1、the father of English poetry 英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父

2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格)

3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英國(guó)文學(xué)史的開端) 人文主義先驅(qū)，the father of English poetry..第一個(gè)用英語寫作的詩(shī)人。

二. William Shakespeare

1.The four great tragedies by William Shakespeare are ____, 四大喜劇 是 A Midsummer Night's Dream ;As you like it ;Twelfth Night ;The merchant of Venice .

the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世紀(jì)) 資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命與王權(quán)復(fù)辟 prose 散文

1、文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.

清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩(shī)和愛情詩(shī)、與舊思想脫離。

2、代表人物：

1)、John Donne 約翰.多恩 The founder of the“metaphysical”poets (玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人) 的代表人物

代表作:Love lyrics:Songs and sonnets.The Flea.

A Valediction: forbidding morning

作品特點(diǎn)：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠(chéng)的態(tài)度和現(xiàn)實(shí)描繪)

② novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角)

③ novelty of its form.(新穎的形式)

2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩(shī)人 （ poem 詩(shī)歌 blank verse ） was a in politics and religion. 激進(jìn)清教徒分子。

《Defense for the English People》為英國(guó)人辯護(hù)

《Paradise Lost》失樂園 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人

《Paradise Regained》復(fù)樂園

John Milton’s three great poems are _（無韻詩(shī)bland verse.故事情節(jié)來自O(shè)le Testament，要知道此書的them 和Satan的形象）, _, （poetical drama)

the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主義

Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution

前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業(yè)革命和法國(guó)大革命。

教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛

開始的標(biāo)志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》抒情歌謠集

從威廉.華茲華斯發(fā)表的"抒情歌謠"開始

4、lake poets(湖畔詩(shī)人)：Coleridge, Robert Southey, Wordsworth

作品特點(diǎn)：simplicity

and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry

Jane Austen’s novels, in order of publication, are 她是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)小說的發(fā)起人。

13.Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊

P. B. Shelly’s Ode to the West Wind is in the form of _三行詩(shī)節(jié), whose rhyme scheme is _ ee.Byron

主要作品：《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普羅米修斯 (drama).A Defence of Poetry詩(shī)辯 Ode to her West Wind西風(fēng)頌To a Skylark致云雀。The Revolt of Islam伊斯蘭的反叛。 14.John Keats’s many odes are looked upon as the greatest achievement in the history of English literature; among them are _Ode to a Nightingale_, _Ode to Autumn_, _Ode on 希臘古甕頌Ode on Melancholy憂郁頌（不太重要）他的詩(shī)歌沒有雪萊和拜倫那么強(qiáng)的革命性，他的詩(shī)歌是為了締造一個(gè)唯美的世界，為了追求美而寫作的。poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學(xué)原則

15.Mary Shelley瑪麗雪萊長(zhǎng)篇小說《Frankenstein》弗蘭肯斯坦，或現(xiàn)代普羅米修斯（恐怖作品）

Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 ，Victorian Period 維多利亞時(shí)期 humanism 人文主義

1、意義：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國(guó)的歷史中，憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是偉大的無產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。

2、代表人物： Alfred, Lord Tennysony 主要作品是Ulysses尤利西斯，繼華茲華斯被授予“桂冠詩(shī)人”的稱號(hào)Robert Browning(第三位)。悼念集In MemoriamA.H.H是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上最長(zhǎng)的，也是和彌爾頓、雪萊齊名最偉大的挽歌詩(shī)人。Idylls of the King國(guó)王

詩(shī)歌。短詩(shī)有Break,Break,Break.Crossing the bar。此人政治態(tài)度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音樂性和色彩。

meanings.

Have less humors and the greatest significance to the social.

特點(diǎn)：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。 Charlotte Bronte 代表作 Jane Eyre

1.The criticism of the bourgeois system of education.

2.The criticism of the bourgeois system of marriage.

3.Equal rights.

Emlly Bronte 代表作 Wuthering Heights

The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)的過渡期

1、Aestheticism 唯美主義 “art for art’s sake” 為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)

2、代表人物。

1)、Thomas Hardy 悲觀主義者 Pessimists 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔絲 《Jude the obscure》無名的裘德The Woodlanders The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)The Return of the Native

還鄉(xiāng) Far from the Madding Crowd遠(yuǎn)離塵囂 Under the Greenwood Tree在綠蔭下（后面的不重要，第一個(gè)很重要）

novel 特點(diǎn)：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小說和他的后維多利亞詩(shī)歌之間的尖銳分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)

William Butler Yeats:

When you are old 詩(shī)歌特點(diǎn)：symbllism,mysticism.modernists's influence等等。

2)George Bernard Shaw 代表作 Pygmalion 喜劇

3）William Butler Yeats 代表作 When you are old ( poet)

22.James Joyce’s _ 意識(shí)流小說的經(jīng)典之作Dubliner (都柏林) and 芬尼根守靈夜 revolutionized the form and structure of the novel in the development of the stream-of-consciousness technique. 與美國(guó)作家William Faulkner�？思{都是意識(shí)流作家。 James Joyce（1882-1941）被認(rèn)為是繼莎士比亞后英國(guó)文學(xué)史上最偉大的作家。代表作 《Ulysses》尤利西斯，Ulysses給英國(guó)傳統(tǒng)小說帶來一場(chǎng)革命，成功在于意識(shí)流（streams of consciousness）描寫表面上紛紛揚(yáng)揚(yáng)，漫無邊際，實(shí)際上結(jié)構(gòu)齊整，周密嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，為現(xiàn)代小說巔峰之作

Thomas Stearms Eliot 代表作 the Waste Land 荒原 里程碑似的作家

William Golding

Dorls Lessing

Doris Lessing多麗絲。萊辛。第一部長(zhǎng)篇小說青草在歌唱The Grass is Singing金色筆記The Golden Notebook.

Pride and Prejudice

The characteristics

Elizabeth: She inherited her father's sense of humor and irony, has positive standard of morals and good sense and is a vigorous and intelligent young lady.

Darcy: He is pride of his superior social status and objective to Elizabeth's low relatives. He is liberal and honorable and in the humble as well. Love humbles him and makes him worthy of

love.

The theme

It is a novel about society and the relationships of family.

“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of wife.” This sentence points out the theme of this novel. It is marriage and money.

This novel revolved around the process of four couple's marriage( They are Mr. Bengley and Jane, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth, Mr. Collins and Charlotte, as well as Mr. Wickham and Lydia). It praised the marriage which is based on mutual understanding and hearty love and satirized another kind of marriage which is based on birth, wealth and lust. To some extend, it expressed the hopes and dreams of English Woman striving for freedom of marriage.

Besides this, it still satirized the social hierarchy of the time.

The feature of the writing:thin plot,mostly everyday life of simple country society, good at wring young girls;modest satire;witty dialogues.

寫作特點(diǎn)：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.

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