施肥量對烤煙烘烤過程中多酚氧化酶活性的影響
發(fā)布時間:2019-08-23 來源: 美文摘抄 點擊:
摘要:以烤煙NC102為材料,研究不同的氮肥、磷肥和鉀肥施用量對烘烤過程中烤煙各部位煙葉多酚氧化酶活性的影響。結(jié)果表明:(1)氮(N)施用量高于5 g/盆對烘烤過程中各部位煙葉PPO活性均有提高作用,低于5 g/盆能夠顯著降低烘烤過程中中下部煙葉的PPO活性,上部煙葉的PPO活性沒有顯著降低;(2)磷(P2O5)施用量低于7.5 g/盆,能夠有效降低前72 h烘烤過程中的PPO活性,高于7.5 g/盆時各處理PPO活性沒有顯著變化;(3)鉀(K2O)施用量高于15 g/盆,提高下部煙葉的PPO活性,但顯著降低烘烤過程中PPO活性的峰值;鉀用量高于20 g/盆能顯著降低中上部煙葉在變黃后期和定色前期的PPO活性。
關(guān)鍵詞:氮磷鉀肥;烤煙;多酚氧化酶
中圖分類號:S572.010.62文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識號:A文章編號:1001-4942(2019)04-0089-05
Abstract In the study, the effects of different nitrogen,phosphate and potassium fertilizer application amounts on polyphenol oxidase(PPO) activity of flue-cured tobacco NC102 during baking were compared. The results were as follows. (1) The PPO activity of whole tobacco leaves during flue-curing improved when the nitrogen fertilizer application amount was above 5 g per pot. But that of middle and lower tobacco leaves reduced significantly when the application amount less than 5 g per pot, while the reduction of PPO activity was not significant in the upper tobacco leaves.(2) When the application amount of phosphorus (P2O5) was less than 7.5 g per pot, the activity of PPO could be effectively reduced in 72 hours after flue-curing, but had not significant change between treatments when the application amount was above 7.5 g per pot. (3) The potassium(K2O) application amount higher than 15 g per pot could increase the PPO activity of the lower tobacco leaves,but significantly reduced the peak value of PPO activity during flue-curing. The application amount of potassium fertilizer higher than 20 g per pot could significantly reduce the PPO activities of middle and upper tobacco leaves at the late of yellowing stage and pre-fixation.
Keywords Nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizer; Flue-cured tobacco; Polyphenol oxidase
施肥是烤煙種植的重要措施之一。作為烤煙生長過程中的大量元素,氮磷鉀起著重要作用。隨著氮磷鉀肥施用量的增加,煙株的株高、莖圍和最大葉面積增加,并且能提高煙葉的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量,同時煙堿和還原糖等內(nèi)含物質(zhì)均隨著不同營養(yǎng)元素施用量的變化而呈現(xiàn)不同的變化趨勢[1-3]。
煙葉成熟后的烘烤調(diào)制過程中,由多酚氧化酶 (polyphenol oxidase,PPO)介導(dǎo)的酶促棕色化反應(yīng)將煙葉中的酚類物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為醌類化合物,導(dǎo)致煙葉顏色由黃色逐漸變棕變褐[4-6]。田間生長中的煙葉,多酚類物質(zhì)位于液泡內(nèi),PPO位于質(zhì)體內(nèi),兩種物質(zhì)不能大量接觸,酶促棕色化反應(yīng)不易進(jìn)行[7]。煙葉調(diào)制過程中,溫濕度等外界因素的作用破壞了煙葉的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),PPO和多酚類物質(zhì)相互接觸,為酶促棕色化反應(yīng)創(chuàng)造了條件。
影響PPO活性的因素有很多。不同部位鮮煙葉PPO活性表現(xiàn)為上部葉﹥中部葉﹥下部葉,烘烤過程中也存在著不同的變化趨勢[8]。蘭俊榮等[9]研究指出,中下部煙葉PPO活性隨著采收成熟度的增加而降低,上部葉片PPO活性則增加。武云杰等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),適當(dāng)推遲打頂能降低煙葉烤前和烘烤過程中的PPO活性,提高煙葉的易烤性和耐烤性。施肥上,不同施鉀量和氮鉀比對煙葉不同部位的PPO活性存在不同的影響,以鉀肥用量303.75 kg/hm2的處理最能改善煙葉的烘烤特性[11]。此外,馬曉林等[12]研究指出,施鉀使馬鈴薯葉片中多酚氧化酶活性顯著提高。也有研究表明,在0~5.84 g/盆范圍內(nèi),隨施磷量增加,煙葉氮磷鉀、多酚含量及PPO活性逐漸增加,均呈顯著正相關(guān),磷肥過多時,抑制作用顯著[13]。
目前施肥對烤煙PPO活性影響的研究多集中在烤煙田間生長階段,烘烤過程中的研究相對匱乏。因此,開展氮磷鉀肥不同施用量處理下烤煙烘烤過程中的PPO活性變化動態(tài)研究,可為烤煙生產(chǎn)中田間施肥調(diào)控提供理論依據(jù)。
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