00604英美文學(xué)選讀篇一：2016年4月自學(xué)考試英美文學(xué)選讀00604試卷及答案解釋完整版

00604英美文學(xué)選讀篇二：自考英美文學(xué)選讀00604學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)

[轉(zhuǎn)帖]英美文學(xué)選讀學(xué)習(xí)技巧

我是外貿(mào)英語大專畢業(yè)的，為了拿到本科文憑，我的首選當然是英語專業(yè)，第一年我順利就拿到8份單科畢業(yè)證書，今年四月我只剩聽說與英美文學(xué)最難的二門。通過今年考試我感受很深，也領(lǐng)悟很多。我想這里開一個英美文學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)技巧話題，大家能交流一下學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗或小竅門，為沒通過或即將要考英美文學(xué)同學(xué)提供多一點信息和幫助。謝謝！

首先我想與大家談?wù)撘幌聟⒖紩�，我能理解大家想偷機取巧的想法，參考書必定是比課本薄得多，看上去象精選集，但事實并非如此，實際考題說明一切。考題不會超大綱，答案自然都在書上。只不過來年考題會從越來越偏僻角落去選擇，所以課本也就越發(fā)重要。我現(xiàn)在都能想象出題老師得意笑容，"我出的題難什么，都在書上"。

當我看完第一遍書時，其過程實在是艱澀痛苦，捏著厚厚書真覺得苦海無涯，望也望不到出頭之日。但奇妙的感覺在后面，當我第二，三，四遍看完，當然到后面是以翻看形式了，書本捏在手上變得越來越薄了。我認為以課本為基礎(chǔ)，在自己腦海中形成的超薄精選集才是正直實用有效的參考書，在網(wǎng)上是下載不到，書店里也買不到。你所需要做的是把這課本看懂，讀透，翻爛。I don't want to say this is only choice, but it actually is, and an most direct and efficient way. Dont find too much resources, which cant easy your job, but increase your burden.

我看見許多人說背不出，或怎樣背。大家都是這條路上過來的難兄難弟，多半白天要上班，晚上要背書，有段時間我近似絕望，懷疑自己提早進入老年癡呆癥，健忘癥。我不斷弄混名字，作品，時期，英美不分。就現(xiàn)在考題看來，題型已不是單純淺顯記憶題，而是在此基礎(chǔ)上的綜合理解題，在今年的部分選擇題，簡答題里都是這樣。如果不掌握最基本的（純粹背的），PASS是絕無希望。這里我介紹自己的記憶方法，這方法幫我走出維谷，希望對你們會有些幫助。

我的方法是建立一個樹枝結(jié)構(gòu)。復(fù)習(xí)開始時面對的最大困惑是東西太多，無從下手，而且更糟是前背后忘記，忘得比背得快，簡直是沒天理，花下去的時間精力似乎打了水漂。當然要讓每個作家都能象對Shakespeare一樣一聽就有個大概印象，沒有充足廣泛閱讀量是無法做到的。既然太深一下子沉不到海底，我索性浮起來從面上抓，我的樹枝結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)運而生�？梢哉f書前的目錄就是主樹桿，每個時期是樹枝，每個作家便是樹叉，單是這樣還是很抽像很難記，加上不同的"色彩形狀的葉子"，開始不用很多，節(jié)選作品，稱號（e.g. the father of ..... or the Poet's Poet），相關(guān)術(shù)語（Whitman-free verse, Emerson-trascandentalism），正是這些"葉子"使樹叉有其獨特之處，成為記憶的載體。這樣我一下子把英美文學(xué)濃縮成二張卡片，在回家上班路上忙里偷閑時看一下，記一下，背一下。嗨，各位，這真得很有效噢，在很短時間內(nèi)，我可以做出60％的選擇題了，并將茫然無序的思路理清。Though my tree is still in winter, "if winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"。這也許可作為根基吧，但其鞏固是在這棵樹枝繁葉茂的過程中，基礎(chǔ)鞏固與細節(jié)化是相輔相承的。然后我準備了一份小冊子，一頁一位作家，每頁再加上作家主要作品，風(fēng)格，特點，作品情節(jié)，語言，人物描寫，功獻，第一或最后本作品，最成功作品，最....，通過你不斷從課本中汲取，你的樹會茁壯成長，并且由重點到細節(jié)，從記憶，熟悉，理解整個過程基本附合考綱要

求，完美狀態(tài)是直至差不多等于課本知識的涵蓋量（這是共產(chǎn)主義狀態(tài)，說實在的我沒達到，真是革命尚未成功，同志還需努力）。

英美文學(xué)是綜合學(xué)科，要通過或考好，是需要日常對英美歷史背景熟悉，對大量著作的閱讀，研究體會的。死記硬背真的只是應(yīng)付考試的，原始而無意義手段，而且對來年的考題是沒辦法應(yīng)付的噢！

以下還有一些小竅門，希望有幫助：

1.先復(fù)習(xí)美國文學(xué)，后英國文學(xué)；

2.美國文學(xué)可先從現(xiàn)實主義階段開始，英國文學(xué)可先從維多利亞階段開始；

3.去年考過題還會再考；

4.詩中解釋較多的話，找那些能反映主題的解釋多背背；明年多半是課本沒有的解釋了，考你的對詩理解程度了，

5。對各階段時期特征多花功夫復(fù)習(xí)；

6.明年的理解題，綜合題，比較題必然多，例如：

1.二個階段思想，風(fēng)格比較，舉例說明；

2.描述一個階段思想，風(fēng)格特點，舉例說明；

3.比較二個同一，不同階段詩人，劇作家，小說家，舉其作品說明；

4.詳細說明一個術(shù)語，一種寫作方式，風(fēng)格，主義如何運用，舉代表人物，作品說明，（eg, this year question: What is Allegory concerned with its implying meaning?)

刁鉆復(fù)雜的題人人都可猜，我并非想例出一點希奇古怪的題擾亂你們的思路。這次四月考試，我是充滿信心拿高分，對每位作家或詩人我都仔細復(fù)習(xí)到了，但題目仍是出乎我意料之外，我覺得不公平是題型已不是去年直白而水平的出題方式，是一種縱向綜合題型。我想提醒明年要參加考試的同學(xué)，決不要把每個作家或時期獨立復(fù)習(xí)，如果可能的話，在對每位作家或時期有一定熟悉的程度，作一點縱向的比較，不但能加深理解，對你們明年考試決對有幫助，不，是貢獻。

坦白的說，這次考試當天上午，我腦海種幾次想到應(yīng)看一下各個時期的異同點，這是我的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，但我仍按常理將重點放在幾位重要作家寫作風(fēng)格的復(fù)習(xí)上了。如果明年你是第一次考英美文學(xué)，那就別滿足于對各位作家的了解，如果明年你又要參加考試，也許猜一點比今年更難的題目，才能應(yīng)付自如。

在英美文學(xué)上我真花很大功夫和精力（與其它的十幾門課相比），開始時期我確實感到無從下手，復(fù)習(xí)得很慢很仔細但效率不高。我在這里介紹我的學(xué)習(xí)方法，只想給以后考試的同學(xué)一些提示吧！必竟是我親身感受和經(jīng)歷的，希望大家能少走一些彎路。

在我開始自己的樹枝結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)習(xí)方法后，我的學(xué)習(xí)效率大大提高，那是一種直接，明確，層次分明，直達中心的感覺，我不知誰是否有過同感--課本變薄--確實一種美妙感覺，那天起我便有信心通過英美文學(xué)。樹枝結(jié)構(gòu)如同將不同時期分成幾格抽屜，復(fù)習(xí)每位作家時就象理衣服一樣將它們各就其位，而每格抽屜與其中的衣服都有其共有的獨特風(fēng)格，（eg. English romantic period is an age of poetry, so there are 6 poets introduced here, and natue and freedom are main concerns of theirs)。 這樣就不會象一開始，對每件衣服都細細打理，一旦回頭發(fā)覺身后堆了一地衣服，仍然茫然不知所措。（我曾將英國文學(xué)前二個時期來回復(fù)習(xí)二遍，惱火是進度極慢而能熟記住的東西不多，后然發(fā)覺這二個時期是最次要兩個階段。）這也是我為什么建議大家先看維多利亞時期的原因之一，將頭腦清醒比較有耐心的階段留給重點。另外，歷史是從古到今，但也許逆向?qū)W習(xí)更順一些，必竟年代越近詩人，作家寫的東西比較容易接受理解，當你比較進入狀態(tài)，即讀起或背起課本內(nèi)容很通順時，再研究一下英語古詩，也許那些押韻，抑揚格會簡單些噢！

不過由此我又想到一個好建議，是為明年第一次參加英美文學(xué)同學(xué)，也許在復(fù)習(xí)前，先翻看一下歷年的考試試卷的題目，題型和答案（是如何作答的），這會使你的復(fù)習(xí)形成很強目的性，方向感，對如何抓重點，要點很有幫助。我是經(jīng)常復(fù)習(xí)一段時間就去看一下歷年考題，很有啟發(fā)，幫你找回一些遺漏地方

00604英美文學(xué)選讀篇三：00604英美文學(xué)選讀

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英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（1）

Amerigo Vespucci----Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.

The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（2）

The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties. The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（3）

Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.

The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（4）

Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.

Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（5）

Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.

The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（6）

Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.

Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（7）

1. It was one of the two great walls built

St. Augustine----In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.

Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（8）

Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.

The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（9）

The Wars of Roses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Hey Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688光榮革命---- In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（10）

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火藥陰謀案----The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.

Blood Mary血腥瑪麗----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Hey VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（11）

Thatcherism撒切爾主義----The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the

by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.

weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening Gettysburg----It refer to the short speech of the role of market forces in the economy, and President Lincoln made when he dedicated the an emphasis on law and order. national cemetery at Gettyburg. He ended the The Trade Union Act of 1871工會法----It speech with “the government of the people, by legalized the trade unions and give financial the people, for the people, shall not perish from security. It meant that in law there was no the earth”.

difference between money for benefic purposes 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（18） and collecting it to support strike action. The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（12） existed a highly aggressive and intolerant Agribusiness農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)----The new farming has nationalism. Between 1919 and 1920, the Red been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped Scare happened. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, and managed like an industrial business with a the Justice Department launched two waves of set of inputs into the processes which occur on mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists the farm and outputs or products which leave the and radical were arrested. farm. The New Deal----In order to deal with the British disease英國病----The term “British Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put disease” is now often used to characterize forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of Britain’s economic decline. New Deal laws and set up many efficient social 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（13） security systems. The New Deal helped to save Constitutional monarchy君主立憲制----It is a American democracy and the development of political system that has been practised in Britain American economy.

since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（19）

to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Truman Doctrine----On Mar.12, 1949, President Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his powers, but in practice, the real power of speech to the joint session of Congress. The monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Doctrine meant to support any country which Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. said it was fighting communism.

She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies Marshall Plan----It was announced by George in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Marshall on June.5, 1947, and was the economic Commons. aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to Privy Council樞密院----A consultative body of prevent the loss of Western Europe into the the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back Soviet sphere.

to the times of the Norman Kings. After the 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（20）

Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was London smog----In 195, the sulphur dioxide in gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. the four-day London smog, an unhealthy Today, it is still a consultation body of the British atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt monarch, Its membership is about 400, and with fog. It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the then most cities in Britain have introduced “clean House of Commons, the Archbishops of air zones” whereby factories and households are Canterbury and York, and senior British and only allowed to burn smokeless fuel. Commonwealth statesmen. Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（14） of the NHS a person must normally be registered The National Health Service----It is a very on the list of a general practitioner, sometimes important part of the welfare system in Britain. It known as a “family doctor”. The family doctor is a nationwide organization based on Acts of gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly necessary, arranges for the patient to go to free medical treatment both in hospital and hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist. outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（21）

state out of general taxation. People are not Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in obliged to use this service. The service is 1850s and 1860s, there was an important achieving its main objectives with outstanding revolution in transport, especially with the success. network of tram and railway systems. This Comprehensive schools----Comprehensives changed the pace of urban life and the schools take pupils without reference to ability or appearance of the city and soon people were aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by education for all or most of the children in a the 1890s outsiders were calling the city district. “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（15） smell of the city.

Reuters----It was founded in 1851 by the Germa Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official n, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed and photographers. the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand The Crown Court----A criminal court that deals was founded. The anniversary of the signing, with the more serious cases and holds sessions in February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand towns throughout England and Wales. It is National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national presided over either by a judge from the High holiday. Court of Justice or a local full-time judge. 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（22）Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（16） was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, speak their own language and maintain their own Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They that social cohesion is attained by tolerating are all located between Canada and the United differences within an agreed legal and States expect Lake Michigan. constitutional framework.

The Mississippi----The Mississippi has been Quiet Revolution----Ever since 1763, when called “father of waters “or” old man river”. It France lost its empire in North America to and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm England, French Canadians have struggled to areas in the world. It is the fourth longest river in preserve their language and culture. In the early the world and the most important river in the 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in United States. their protests. In particular, they complained that 英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（17） were kept out of jobs in government and in some Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but large businesses because they spoke only French. powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet They have been struggling more rights common Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to the which was called “Quiet revolution”. abolitionist cause.

wisemen. It was created by the Alfred was a strong king of the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s

the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.

3. William the Conqueror

William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England. 4. the battle of Hastings

In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king.

William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two

armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest. 5. Domesday Book

Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgement Day. 6. the Great Charter

King John’s reign caused much

discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the

limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

7. the Hundred Years’ War It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries. 8. Joan of Arc

She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France. 9. the Black Death

It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.

10. the Wars of Roses

They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years. 11. Bloody Mary

Hey VIII’s daughter and a devout

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Catholic. When she became Queen, she wins the second largest number of seats persecuted and burnt many Protestants. becomes the offcial Opposition, with its So she was given the nickname own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also

aims of the Opposition are to contribute remembered as the monarch who lost to the formulation of policy and the French port of Calais. legislation, to oppose government 12. Elizabeth I

proposals, to seek amendments to

One of the greatest monarchs in British government bills, and to put forward its history. She reigned England, Wales own policies in order to win the next and Ireland for 45 years and remained general election.

single. Her reign was a time of

22. the Privy Council

confident English nationalism and of Formerly the chief source of executive great achievements in literature and power. It gave the Sovereign private other arts, in exploration and in battle. (“privy”) advice on the government of 13. Oliver Cromwell

the country. Today its role is mainly The leader during the Civil War who formal, advising the Sovereign to led the New Model Army to defeat the approve certain government decrees king and condemned him to death. and issuing royal proclamation. Its Then he declared England a

membership is about 400. Commonwealth and made himself Lord 23. common law

of Protector. He ruled England till the A written law gathered from numerous restoration of charles II in 1660. decisions of the courts and other 14. the Bill of Rights

sources. In 1689, William and Mary accepted 24. the jury

the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. A legal system established in England The bill excluded any Roman Catholic since king Hey II. The jury consists from the succession, confirmed the of ordinary, independent citizens

principle of parliamentary supremacy summoned by the court: 12 persons in and guaranteed free speech within both England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the two Houses. Thus the age of and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal constitutional monarchy began. trials by jury, the judge passes sentence 15. Whigs and Tories

but the jury decide the issue of guilt or It referred to the two party names which innocence. originated with the Glorious Revolution 25. the NHS

of 1688. The Whigs were those who The National Health Service was opposed absolute monarchy and

established in the UK in 1948 and supported the right to religious freedom based first on Acts of Parliament. This for Noncomformists. The Tories were Service provides for every resident a those who supported hereditary

full range of medical services. It is monarchy and were reluctant to remove based upon the principle that there kings. The Whigs formed a coalition should be full range of publicly

with dissident Tories and became the provided services designed to help the Liberal Party. The Tories were the

individual stay healthy. It is now a forerunners of the Conservative Party. largely free service.

16. James Watt

26. comprehensive schools The Scottish inventor who produced an State secondary schools which take efficient steam engine with rotary pupils without reference to ability and motion that could be applied to textile provide a wide-ranging secondary

and other machinery. education for all or most of the children 17. Winston Churchill

in a district. About 90 per cent of the Prime Minister of Britain during the state secondary school population in Second World War. He took over GB attend comprehensive school. Chamberlain in 1940 and received 27. public schools

massive popular support. He led his Fee-paying secondary schools which country to final victory in 1945. He was are longestablished and have gained a defeated in the general election of 1945, reputation for their high academic

but returned to power in 1951. standards, as well as their exclusiveness 18. Agribusiness

and snobbery. The boys’ public schools It refers to the new farming in Britain, include such well-known schools as because it’s equipped and managed like Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous an industrial business with a set of schools include Roedean. Most of the inputs into the farm of processes which members of the British Establishment occur on the farm, and outputs or were educated at a public school. products which leave the farm. The 28. the Great Lakes

emphasis is upon intensive farming, The Great Lakes are the most important designes to give the maximum output lakes in the United States. They are of crops and animals.

Lake Superior, which is the largest 19. the British Constitution

fresh water lake in the world, Lake There is no written constitution in the Michigan —— the only one entirely in United Kingdom. The British

the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie Constitution is not set out in any single and Lake Ontario. They are all located document, but made up of statute law, between Canada and the United States common law and conventions. The except Lake Michigan. Judiciary determines common law and 29. New England

interpret statues.

New England is made up of six states 20. Queen Elizabeth II

of the North-East. They are Maine, The present Sovereign, born in 1926, New Hampshire, Vermont,

came to the throne in 1952 and was Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and crowned in 1953. The Queen is the Connecticut. It is sometimes called the symbol of the whole nation, the center birthplace of America. of many national ceremonies and the 30. baby boom

leader of society. “baby boom” refers to the great

21. the Opposition

increase of birth rate between 1946 and

In the General Election, the party which

1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers

31. the Chinese Exclusion Act It was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years. 32. the Bill of Rights

In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the

Constitution —— the Bill of Rights. 33. the Emancipation Proclamation During the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves. 34. the Constitutional Convention In 1787, a conference was held in

Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the

delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.

35. the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.

36. the Peace Conference

The Peace Conference or the Paris

Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a

conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)

37. the Truman Doctrine:

On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism. 38.the Marshall Plan

On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. 39. the New Frontier

It was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.

40. checks and balances:

The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.

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I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列顛群島由兩個大島—大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個成員國。

II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征

1.Geographical position of Britain:英國的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英國是一個島國。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in

Britain (338km).塞文河是英國最長的河流。全長338公里。

Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。全長336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。面積為396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，1,085米。 IV. Climate 氣候

1. Britain''s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The

temperature varies within a small range. 英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。

2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:影響英國氣候的因素： 1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by

heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;環(huán)繞四周的海水。冬天，

海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用； 2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。 3.Rainfall 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over

1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過1000毫米。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。 I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年） 1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人們所知的英國最早居民是伊比利來人。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.約公元前2000年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來了寬口陶器人。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came

about 600 BC.第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是約公元前400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達。 The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。

3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當作奴隸階段的屬民來對待。其次，在四世紀對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。

Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.

III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)

盎格魯—撒克遜人（公元446—871年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.

盎格魯—薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎(chǔ)）

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic

tribes. 五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。

In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex,

Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時也他們也把名字給了英國人。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。

2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服（公元1066年）

2．The Norman Conquest and its

consequences諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his

Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman

government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the

civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were

introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.

I. Norman Rule (1066-1381) 諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1381）

1. William''s Rule （1066-1087）威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1087）

England''s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度 ①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land''s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William''s tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of

allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。②根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。③威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。④這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯(lián)合起來反叛國王。⑤已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。⑦英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而且要效忠于國王。

Contents and the significance of the

Great Charter《大憲章》的內(nèi)容及意義 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its

important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the

foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal

relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大憲章》是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。《大憲章》總共63條，其中最重要的內(nèi)容是：(1) 未經(jīng)大議會同意，不得征稅；(2) 只有根據(jù)國家有關(guān)法律才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財產(chǎn)；(3)教會應(yīng)享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由；（4） 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)保留其古時的權(quán)力和特權(quán)；(5) 全國要使用統(tǒng)一的重量和長度度量衡。盡管人們普遍認為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權(quán)利�！洞髴椪隆返木�神是限制國王權(quán)力，使其在英國封建法律允許的范圍內(nèi)活動。 It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no

elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.大議會發(fā)展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。

IV．The Hundred Years'' War and its consequences.百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果

The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England''s desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes百年戰(zhàn)爭指1337年到1453年英法之間一場斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)爭的起因既有領(lǐng)土因素又有經(jīng)濟因素。領(lǐng)土起因尤其是與英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地有密切關(guān)系，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片在他們領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的土地。經(jīng)濟原因則與弗蘭德斯有關(guān)。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王。其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國幫助蘇格蘭人，以及不斷覺醒的民族意識。

.The English''s being driven out of

France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：若國車人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展；而法國民族被外國勢力占領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，發(fā)展更是長期受阻。

The Wars of Rose玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of

Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Hey Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much

weakened.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。

III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世（1558年-1603年）

Elizabeth''s religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策

Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英國文藝復(fù)興的特點

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native

literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;

4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

英國文藝復(fù)興的五個特點：1）英國文化的復(fù)興并不是直接通過古典作品，崦是通過受古典作品影響同時代的歐洲人實現(xiàn)的；2）英格蘭作為一個與大陸隔離的國家，其社會歷史進程很大程度上獨立于歐洲其它國家；3）由于14世紀偉大的天才詩人喬叟的出現(xiàn)，英國本國文學(xué)得以蓬勃

發(fā)展，能夠在吸收外國文學(xué)影響的同時，并未處于從屬地位；4）英國文藝復(fù)興文學(xué)首先是藝術(shù)的，其次才是哲學(xué)的和學(xué)術(shù)的；5）文藝復(fù)興和英格蘭的宗教改革在時間上有所交叉。

VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences 內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.

由于查爾斯的“君權(quán)神授”統(tǒng)治權(quán)，他與議會的對質(zhì)發(fā)展成了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)爭開始于1642年8月22日，結(jié)束于1651年。最后查爾斯被處死。

英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命。這是議會和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級的經(jīng)濟利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟利益之間的沖突。城市中產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟利益剛好與他們的宗教（清教）思想吻合，相應(yīng)地，皇室傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟利益則與圣公會教的宗教信仰相結(jié)合在一起。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅推翻了英國的封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作是現(xiàn)代世界史的開端。

Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年) The Wars of Rose玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of

Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Hey Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much

weakened.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。

Mrs Thatcher撒切爾主義

Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the

strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.

I. Whigs and Tories輝格黨人和托利黨人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).這兩個政黨名稱皆起源于1688年的光榮革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for

Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.輝格黨人是指那些反對絕對王權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人。輝格黨人在19世紀中葉與持不同意見的托利黨人組盟組成自由黨。

The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權(quán)、不愿去除國王的人。托利黨是保守黨的前身

IV. The English Renaissance英國文藝復(fù)興

09兼職網(wǎng)畢業(yè)指導(dǎo)中心免費提供

Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英國文藝復(fù)興的特點

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native

literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;

4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

英國文藝復(fù)興的五個特點：1）英國文化的復(fù)興并不是直接通過古典作品，崦是通過受古典作品影響同時代的歐洲人實現(xiàn)的；2）英格蘭作為一個與大陸隔離的國家，其社會歷史進程很大程度上獨立于歐洲其它國家；3）由于14世紀偉大的天才詩人喬叟的出現(xiàn)，英國本國文學(xué)得以蓬勃發(fā)展，能夠在吸收外國文學(xué)影響的同時，并未處于從屬地位；4）英國文藝復(fù)興文學(xué)首先是藝術(shù)的，其次才是哲學(xué)的和學(xué)術(shù)的；5）文藝復(fù)興和英格蘭的宗教改革在時間上有所交叉。

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。英國的議會制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。司法部門裁定習(xí)慣法或解釋成文法。

III．Parliament議會

1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英國是中央集權(quán)國家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國家。議會由君主，上議院和下議院組成。

2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.議會的主要作用是：（1）通過立法；（2）投票批準稅為政府工作提供資金；（3）檢查政府政策和行政管理，包括撥款提議；（4）當天的議題辯論。

3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision,

complementing but not rivaling the elect House.貴族院（上議院）由神職貴族和世俗貴族組成。它的主要作用是用議員的豐富經(jīng)驗幫助立法。換而言之，非選舉的上議院是修正議院，補充而非反對由選舉產(chǎn)生的下議院。

4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the

ultimate authority.下議院（平民院）由成人普選產(chǎn)生，由651名議員組成。下議院擁有最終立法權(quán)。

5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.英國被劃分為651個選區(qū)，每個選區(qū)選一名下議院議員。大選必須五年舉行一次，但經(jīng)常不到五年就進行一次選舉。

IV．The Privy Council樞密院 2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth

statement.它的主要成員有400人左右，

包括內(nèi)閣閣員，下議院院長及英國，英聯(lián)邦的高級政治家等。 V．Government Department and the Civil Service政府各部和公務(wù)員部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense…主要的政府部門包括：財務(wù)部，內(nèi)務(wù)部，外交部，國防部等。

VI．Local Government 地方政府部門 1. There are two main tiers of local

authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.英格蘭和威爾士實行兩級地方政府制—郡和比郡小的區(qū)。現(xiàn)在英格蘭和威爾士分為53個郡，郡下分為369個區(qū)。 2. Greater London is divided into 32

boroughs.大倫敦被分為32個行政區(qū)。 Chapter 8：Justice and the law 法律與司

法機構(gòu)

There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European

Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 聯(lián)合王國不實行完全統(tǒng)一的法律制度。聯(lián)合王國所有法律制度的一個共同特點是沒有以部完整的法典。法典來源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或習(xí)慣法；（3）衡平法；（4）歐共體法。另一個共同的特點是刑法和民法之間的區(qū)別。 II. Criminal Courts 刑事法庭

1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales 英格蘭和威爾士的刑事法庭

Youth Court which try most cases

involving people under 18.青少年法庭，負責審理18歲以下青年的大多數(shù)案件。 2. Criminal courts in Scotland蘇格蘭的刑事法庭

There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.英格蘭有三種刑事法院：（1）高級法院；（2）郡法院；（3）區(qū)法院。英格蘭有兩種刑事訴訟：莊重訴訟和即決訴訟。莊重訴訟里，被告由陪審團和法官審理。在即決訴訟中，法官獨自審理，不用陪審團。

3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland 北愛爾蘭的刑事法庭

Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.

涉及輕微即決犯罪的案件由治安法庭聽審，法庭由全職的法律合格的常駐治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根據(jù)起訴進行刑事審判. III．Civil Courts

民事法庭1. Civil Courts in England and Wales

英格蘭和威爾士的民事法庭

Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen’s Bench Division.

治安法庭只有一定的民事審判權(quán)。主要行使民事司法權(quán)的是民事法院，高等法院處理更為復(fù)雜的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三個分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。 2. Civil Courts in Scotland 蘇格蘭的民事法庭

The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。

3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland北愛爾蘭的民事法院

County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates’ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior

civil law court.郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也審理某些有限類型的民事案件。高等法院就是高級民事法院。

The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health

service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs

prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.不管個人收入如何，國民保健制度為每個居民提供全面醫(yī)療服務(wù)。英國于1948年確立此制度。英國國民保健制度82%以下的費用來自普通稅收，其他部分來自（1）國民保險金中的國民保險金部分；（2）象對家庭一生開的藥單和普通牙科治療所收的費用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收計劃的收益。

1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美國的兩個新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位鄰中太平洋。（本細節(jié)還有考“一句話簡答”的可能）

2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after

Russia,Canada and China.就面積而言，美國是世界第四大國，就人口而言，美國是世界是第三大國。

3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the

smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面積最大的州，羅得島最小，在美國大陸，最大的州是得克薩斯州。 4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脈是北美大陸的脊梁，也被成為大陸分水嶺。 5。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian

mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the

northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亞山脈和落基山脈是美國的兩座大山脈。（本細節(jié)有考“一句話簡答題”的可能）

6。The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000

kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美國最長河流，有被稱作“眾水之父”或“老人河”

7。The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.俄亥俄河被稱作美國的魯爾河，就像德國一樣，沿河有豐富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其鋼鐵而著名。另外，該河還為原材料提供了廉價的水路運輸。 8。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada.太平洋沿岸有兩大河：科羅拉多河及哥倫比亞河。

9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.格蘭德河是美國和墨西哥之間的開然界河（本細節(jié)考選擇和簡答可能性大）

10。the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.美國最重要的湖泊是五大湖：蘇必利爾湖，密歇根湖，休倫湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，蘇必利爾湖為世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美國境地內(nèi)。

11。美國氣候概述

1) A humid continental climate(濕潤的大陸性氣候） is found in the north-eastern part of the country.

2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(濕潤的亞熱帶氣候---東南部）

3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性氣候--太平洋西北岸）

4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式氣候）with warm,dry summers and moist winters.

12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United

States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexick ,and the Great Lakes. 影響美國氣候的最主要的因素為：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥灣，五大湖。 1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美國是世界人口第三大國，僅次于中國和印度。 2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世紀末20世紀初，紐約的埃利斯島是一個重要的移民入境接待點。 3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of

immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美國移民的80%到90%主要來源于亞洲和拉美國家。 4。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在過去的二十年里，亞利桑那，內(nèi)華達和佛羅里達是人口增長最快的州。

5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.

美國歷史是第一批移民來自英國和荷蘭。 6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and r(轉(zhuǎn) 載于:www.newchangjing.com 蒲公 英文摘:00604英美文學(xué)選讀)eached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。 home every year seeking new job opportunity,a better climate of other goals.有1/5的美國人每年搬一次家。 8。美國的四次大規(guī)模的人口流動： 流動方向

the Frist 1865-1880 east coast ------west the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities

the Third 1920----1960 the south/black people ----other areas

the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N----the West/the South

9。A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.大批黑人離開南方涌向外地發(fā)生在1920-1960年間。 10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美國人口最多的少數(shù)民族是黑人，大約占總?cè)丝诘?2。1%，第一批黑人作為奴隸于1619年運抵北美。

11。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest

influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the

Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大對美國影響最大的講西班牙語的群體為：墨西哥后裔美國人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美國人。（一句話回答） 12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor maket is their low education.Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.講西班牙語的美國人在其他種族的民族中失學(xué)率最高，因此，阻擋他們在勞動力市場獲得成功的最主要是教育程度低。

13。The Asian-Americans are the

fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the

Chinese-Americans.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of

family.美國少數(shù)民族人口中增長最快是亞裔美國人，亞裔美國人中又以華裔美國人最多，專家指出亞洲三大傳統(tǒng)可以用來

解釋亞裔美國人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。（一句話回答）

14。Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.傳統(tǒng)上讀，美國人的主流是祖先為英國新教徒的白人。

2。The Hispanics 講西班牙語的（人或民族）

The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of

Latin-American origin who live in the United States.Now there are three major Hispantic groups which have grest influence on the U.S.They are

Mexico-American of Chicano ,Pueto Ricans and Cuban-American.

8。In September ,1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed,Britain recognized the

indeperdance of the U.S.1783年9月簦訂《巴黎和約》，英正式承認美國獨立。 9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.<聯(lián)邦文集》被認為是對美國憲法最好的解釋，也是美國最重要的政治理論著作之一。

10。The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution,which was called the Bill of Rights,adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals''rights. 成為憲法的前十條修正案正案被稱為《人權(quán)法案》。 11.The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781.It has two serious

weaknesses:1>there was no national executive of law-enforcing

branch;2>Congress has no power to raise taxes.1781年美國各州批準了被稱為《聯(lián)邦條款》的文件，它有兩缺陷：一是沒有執(zhí)行或執(zhí)法機構(gòu)二是國會由于過于龐大起不到政府的作用，而且國會無權(quán)征稅。 12。The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812,the last war fought between these two countries.英美最后一次交火是1812的英美戰(zhàn)爭。

14。The twp famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison and Frederick Douglass.在19世紀30年代兩位著名的黑人領(lǐng)袖為加里森和道格拉斯

15。The Union army under the command of Ulysses s.Grant deteated the Confedetate army at

Gettysburg,Pensylvania,this victory was the turning point of the Civil War.北方聯(lián)軍在尤利西斯。格蘭特的指揮下，在賓夕法尼亞的葛底斯堡擊敗了南方聯(lián)盟軍，葛底斯堡大捷是美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折點。 16。Tn the Civil war,Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間，林肯發(fā)表了《解放奴隸宣言》 17。On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg.He ended his speech with these memorable words:"That government of the

people ,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.

1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡陣亡將士公墓落成儀式上發(fā)表了簡短的演說，他以另人難忘的語言結(jié)束了演說“民有，民治，民享的政府永遠不會從地球上消失。 18。A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of

Confederation adequate.All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Consititutional Convention. 1787年在費城召開的制憲會議上，除了羅得島外，其他所有州都參加了，大家討論如何使《聯(lián)邦條款》能夠滿足需要。 1． In 1880,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in

1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1880年美國鋼產(chǎn)`量世界第一，1900年煤產(chǎn)量世界第一。

2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司的出現(xiàn)，城市化及新技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展是美國20世紀初經(jīng)濟增長出現(xiàn)的三大特點。 3． In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk,North Carolina. This was the

beginning of the appearance of the plane.

09兼職網(wǎng)畢業(yè)指導(dǎo)中心免費提供

In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare flew a successful plane. 1903年，萊特兄弟happened in America where at that time 發(fā)明了第一架飛機，但只飛行了12秒。a highly aggressive and intolerance

1911年格倫。E。庫利斯設(shè)計了一架飛機，nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 并成功試飛。

and January 2,1920,the Justice

4． At the beginning of the WWI, the Department launched two waves of mass U.S.was impartial neither in action, nor attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists in thought.It pursued a policy of pro-Ally and radicals were arrested and many partiality.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)開始時，美國宣were forced to leave the U.S.

布保持中立，但在行動和思想上都沒有做5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K黨

到中立，美國真正奉行的是支持同盟國的The KKK was first organized in 1866 and 政策。

then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War 5． The 1920s in the U.S. has been

in the South and by 1924 it claimed a described by many historians as a period membership of four to five million. It was of material success and spiritual a violent society which terrorized and frustration or confusion and

attacked on not only blacks ,but also purposelessness.許多歷史學(xué)家都把美國progressives, Communist and socialist 的二十世紀二十年代描寫成一個物質(zhì)上party members, etc.

成功，精神是迷惘或漫無目標的時期。 6.the New Deal(羅斯福新政) 6． The stock market crash was the it was put forward by American

beginning of long economic depression in President Roosevelt who wanted to do the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市場的崩something to deal with the Great

潰是1929-1933年的經(jīng)濟大蕭條的開端。 Depression at that time. It passed a lot of 7． The aim of President Roosevelt’s New New Deal laws and set up some efficient measures was to save American

social security systems. The New Deal democracy and the capitalist system.羅斯helped to “save American democracy” �？偨y(tǒng)“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美國and to overcome the most serious

民主“及克服資本主義制度有史以來最嚴economic crisis of the capitalist system up 重的經(jīng)濟制度。

to that time.

8． In the early 1930S,the American 7.Isolationism(孤立主義)

foreign policy was isolationism, to keep it was the American foreign policy in the the U.S. out of the fighting that was going early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美the fighting that was going on in Europe 國奉行的是孤立主義的外交政策，即使美and Asia.

國遠離歐洲和亞洲的秸??br>

2． The open declaration of the 9． During the WWII, the postponement containment policy was made by

of the opening of the Second Front was a President Truman on March 12,1949 in a reflection of the American’s desire not to speech to the joint session of

give the Soviet Union the possibility of congress.1949年3月12日杜魯門總統(tǒng)在quick expansion.二戰(zhàn)期間，美國延緩開辟國會聯(lián)席會議上公開宣布了遏制政策。 第二戰(zhàn)場就反映出美國不讓蘇聯(lián)有迅速3． In order to protect Western Europe 擴張的可能性

from possible Soviet expansion, the 10． American diplomacy in WWII was U.S.decided to offer Western European largely diplomacy towards Britain and countries economic aid. This later came the Soviet Union.There were two guiding to be called the Marshall plan.為了保護principles behind all diplomatic

西歐不受蘇聯(lián)擴張影響，美國決定給予西activities:1>to win the war;2>to establish 歐國家經(jīng)濟支援，此舉后來被稱作“馬歇t postwar political structure in accord 爾計劃�！�

with American interests and to prevent 8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二63.5 million babies were born in the 戰(zhàn)期間，美國的外交政策大體上是針對英U.S,making the baby-boom generation 國的前蘇聯(lián)的，所有外交政策的兩個主導(dǎo)the largest by far in the American history.原則是：羸得戰(zhàn)爭，按美國利益建立戰(zhàn)后從1946年到1961年，是美國歷史上的生政治格局并阻止蘇聯(lián)的過度擴張。 育高峰期。

11． The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet 9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis Union and Britain met three times during happened in 1962,the president of the WWII.1>The first summit was held American is Kennedy,the president of at Teheran in November 1943.At the Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴導(dǎo)彈危conference it was decided that a

機爆發(fā)時，美國在位總統(tǒng)為肯尼迪，蘇聯(lián)large-scale attack on the south of France 首領(lǐng)為赫魯曉夫。

would be launched in May ,1944,which 12． In February 1972,President Nixon was codenamed Overlord.2>The second visited China and met Mao Zedong and conference was held in Yalta in the two countries issued the Shanhai February,1945,it decided on the

Communique.This visit ended

setting-up of a world organization: the twenty-three years of hostility and led to United Nation .3>The third conference the establishment of diplomatic relations was held at Potsdam, which confirmed in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松與毛the temporary division of Europe agreed 澤東東會晤，雙方簽署了《上海聯(lián)合公to at Yalta.二戰(zhàn)期間，英，美，蘇三中領(lǐng)報》。

導(dǎo)人共會晤了三次，第一次是在1943年13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem 11月在德黑蘭會議，該會義決定進行代號that affected the progress in U.S.-China 為“霸王行動”的軍事行動，向法國南部大relations remained the Taiwan

舉進攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅爾塔problem.1972-1979年，影響中美關(guān)系的會議，本次會議決定建立聯(lián)合國組織，第主要問題還是臺灣問題。 三次是在1945年7。8月間在柏林城外舉16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate 行的波茨坦會議，該會主要確認了雅爾雅Scandal ,the first president to do so in 爾塔會議關(guān)于歐洲格局的暫時分配。 American history.水門事件使尼克松成為必背解釋

美國歷史上第一位辭職的總統(tǒng)。 1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭發(fā)者) 17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the The Muckrakers were a group of U.S suffered from”stagflation”,that is ,the reform-minded journalists who made occurrence of stagnation and inflation at investigations and exposed the dark sides the same time.從70年代中期開始，美國of the society.

開始遭受“經(jīng)濟滯脹”即經(jīng)濟停滯與通貨2.the Progressive Movement(進步運動/進膨脹的同時出現(xiàn)。

步主義)（Progressivism）

it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the

support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at

political,social and economic reforms. 3.laissez faire(放任主義)

it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property. 4.the Red scare(紅色恐懼)

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