摘 要：采用歷史與邏輯相統(tǒng)一的視角對(duì)競(jìng)技本質(zhì)技藝論的理論體系提出質(zhì)疑。提出了4個(gè)疑點(diǎn)：“游戲”概念的混亂使用；經(jīng)驗(yàn)歸納的研究方法論割裂了客觀事實(shí)的整體性和連續(xù)性；對(duì)競(jìng)技本質(zhì)游戲論的批判未能把握靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)兩個(gè)層面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)質(zhì)料；競(jìng)技本質(zhì)技藝論的立論混淆了技藝和游戲在競(jìng)技活動(dòng)中的層次。研究認(rèn)為：應(yīng)當(dāng)剔除競(jìng)技本質(zhì)技藝論的本質(zhì)屬性，以競(jìng)技技藝論重新給技藝在競(jìng)技活動(dòng)中定位；研究競(jìng)技本質(zhì)問(wèn)題還需依托游戲論作為基礎(chǔ)，而技藝論則應(yīng)著重關(guān)注競(jìng)技活動(dòng)中的技術(shù)現(xiàn)象。
　　關(guān) 鍵 詞：體育哲學(xué)；競(jìng)技；本質(zhì)；游戲；技藝
　　中圖分類號(hào)：G80-05 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1006-7116（2018）02-0009-08
　　The questioning of the theory that the nature of competition is skill and
　　the establishing of the theory that competition is skill
　　ZHANG Qi1，XIA Chun2，GONG Zheng-wei1
　　（1.School of Leisure Sports and Art，Shanghai Sports University，Shanghai 200438，China；
　　2.School of Physical Education and Sport Training，Shanghai Sports University，Shanghai 200438，China）
　　Abstract： From the perspective of history and logic unification， the authors questioned the theoretical system of the theory that the nature of competition is skill， and put forward 4 questioning points： the conception of “game” was used chaotically； the research methodology concluded based on experience separated the wholeness and continuity of objective facts； the criticism on the theory that the nature of competition is skill failed to grasp the static and dynamic essence of experience； the establishment of the theory that the nature of competition is skill mixed up the levels of skill and game in competitive activities. The authors drew the following conclusions： the nature attribute of the theory that the nature of competition is skill should be removed， while the orientation of skill in competitive activities should be reestablished based on the theory that competition is skill； studying the issue about the nature of competition still need to be carried out based on the game theory， while the skill theory should focus more on technical phenomena in competitive activities.
　　Key words： sports philosophy；competition；nature；game；skill
　　《體育學(xué)刊》于2010開(kāi)始，相繼刊登了數(shù)篇關(guān)于競(jìng)技本質(zhì)游戲論和競(jìng)技本質(zhì)技藝論的文章。競(jìng)技本質(zhì)屬性的歸屬，關(guān)乎到如何構(gòu)建體育理論和開(kāi)展體育實(shí)踐活動(dòng)等重要問(wèn)題。在經(jīng)歷了訓(xùn)練比賽說(shuō)、活動(dòng)說(shuō)、身體活動(dòng)說(shuō)、社會(huì)實(shí)踐說(shuō)、游戲說(shuō)和雙重本質(zhì)說(shuō)之后，張軍獻(xiàn)[1]提出“我們?nèi)匀恍枰獙⒏?jìng)技的目的與手段統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，尋找競(jìng)技的本質(zhì)，而不是停留在雙重本質(zhì)或者多本質(zhì)的階段”。劉欣然[2]提出的競(jìng)技本質(zhì)技藝論認(rèn)為：“在原初的性質(zhì)上，游戲產(chǎn)生于天性和本能，競(jìng)技源自于練習(xí)和習(xí)慣，這呈現(xiàn)出兩個(gè)不同性質(zhì)和方向，兩者雖然在某些性質(zhì)上具有同一性，但卻可以確定為不同的事物……”，將競(jìng)技本質(zhì)的討論由游戲轉(zhuǎn)向了技藝。陳璐[3]在與劉欣然的商榷中提出：“國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者不求甚解引入西方的游戲理論，忽視作為sport概念基礎(chǔ)的play與game研究，對(duì)二者不加區(qū)分胡亂翻譯，必將導(dǎo)致競(jìng)技和游戲研究更加混亂�！�
　　競(jìng)技本質(zhì)的爭(zhēng)論衍生了相異的競(jìng)技內(nèi)涵。張軍獻(xiàn)[1]提出，人本性、參與性、文化性、身體性4種要素是競(jìng)技的主要內(nèi)涵。人本性規(guī)定了競(jìng)技活動(dòng)必須由人來(lái)實(shí)踐；參與性指運(yùn)動(dòng)者的直接參與；文化性強(qiáng)調(diào)不同文化背景下對(duì)競(jìng)技屬性認(rèn)識(shí)的差異問(wèn)題；身體性規(guī)定了競(jìng)技活動(dòng)專屬的大肌肉活動(dòng)的類型。劉欣然[4]提出，競(jìng)技的內(nèi)涵包括彰顯人類潛能、遵守競(jìng)技規(guī)則、體現(xiàn)競(jìng)技勇敢。陳璐[3]則認(rèn)為，游戲性和身體性是最能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)競(jìng)技內(nèi)涵的兩個(gè)屬性。競(jìng)技必然帶有游戲的屬性；身體性則是社會(huì)學(xué)家、文化學(xué)者研究游戲問(wèn)題的先決條件。

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