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_ݣOɽӌ(du)SՓ

l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-10 (li)Դ: c(din)

Oɽ?yn)SՓ(zhn)_(du)@һNݛՓ@Ȼ]o(w)ՓǏ(du)ڴ(li)(wn)}ش߀Ǐ⽻(ni)ᘵӆԿ(du)SՓĶ(zhng)Ժ͇(yn)(chng)(du)(gu)Hք(sh)ĿƌW(xu)(du)Ї(gu)ھSo(h)(li)xcƽõSnj(du)SՓg

һ

SՓԴښWl(f)˿׷ݵ(dng)?sh)ˌ?du)^M(jn)W޵Ŀ֑ӛġɕr(sh)ڡ_(ki)ʼ|ҪЇ(gu)(zhun)ơҰU](yu)ԽuWγɡ18o(j)ĩR_˹ġ˿ՓQ(mo)׺ͱo(h)P(gun)ȌW(xu)f(shu)^˞顰SՓϼ͵19o(j)Ӣ(gu)vR(li)쳠˹Σ– (tng)ؽ–|ρAڡڶ(g)Ї(gu)tζږ|ρA(sh)HǡSՓ

19o(j)60Ժ(gu)F(xin)ųAݛՓЄ(dng)̖(ho)Q(chng)(hu)xһĺ•ռеĆ(wn)}l(f)ٝͬsЇ(gu)70‡(gu)ɠՄ(gu)ͰĴAr(sh)ʹˡSɫֲf(shu)80֮Ї(gu)ͽ(w)\(yn)(dng)ȻijЩW˵đn(yu)]‡(gu)ʩ~ļ{ͬ(li)f(shu)Ї(gu)ڮĵ،W(xu)(hu)_(ki)kW˵ĹI(y)g(sh)ͽͨ˜I(y)@(g)|(gu)Ĕ(sh)M_(ki)ʼ(dng)ʹW޵ڶΞɹ͛](mi)@NΣU(xin)Ǿ͸òf(shu)[1](p42)

(zhn)(zhng)1895»SԷQ(chng)@(g)~İl(f)‡(gu)⽻󳼱ؐ˹̹t(du)(gu)⽻ٱʾձ˺Ї(gu)ͬSNˡָձˡPߣ܌(du)Ї(gu)˽һNo(h)P(gun)ϵǾпܮa(chn)һNںϣ@N挦(du)ȫwSNˁ(li)f(shu)ǹͬcWЏ(qing)tY[1](p45)ԴˡS֮f(shu)ձڃ(ni)

1900x͈F(tun)¼֮к֮׺е(bo)ѡS(dng)T(mn)Ԓ(hu)}Ї(gu)L(zhng)_(d)낀(g)o(j)֮õӢ(gu)˺յ׫ķQ(chng)δ(li)˂Ҫ(du)SNˆ(wn)}ҲSǡS(wn)}@һN_菲Ƶ̫ͬ(yng)ضҪһӡ(dng)Ȼյָ(du)x͈F(tun)¼(yng)ؓ(f)؟(z)Џ(qing)(yng)Լ،(du)Ї(gu)M(jn)кͽ⡱г(gu)Hۇ(gu)xİ[f(shu)@һă|˿ڵĴ(gu)ľQtÑ(zhn)ġ׷Nˈ(jin)ֲȡǵ(li)x͈F(tun)һпX(qin)I(mi)Ǖr(sh)˂Ͳ܌(du)S֮ˡʮԺЎװf(wn)(g)x͈F(tun)F(tun)TЇ(gu)һ•̖(ho)ȫbųܼ(du)@һc(din)ǽzɵ[1](p66-67)ƽȡغЇ(gu)򽻵ƽѺáP(gun)ϵʹЇ(gu)˲ٳ

1904l(f)ն(zhn)(zhng)(zhn)(zhng)֮ǰӢT(gu)mȻAƫ̻ձ(gu)(zhn)֮֮Ksyʹ(gu)@㵲ѡ(zhn)Ķ(gu)ȻСSӢĈ(bo)(sh)ҲٴΌ(du)SDP20o(j)ձڸ(gu)ܵų⣬ìܼӄ(gu)(bo)(du)ձĹһֱm(x)(gu)ӵһ(zhn)ڴg(gu)y(tng)W•_˹܊ό•h(gu)˼ν^Ӱ푵ĺ•(dng)˹Ͳ˹•(dng)˹ֵ(li)W(xu)Rd•mء⽻•D˹܊𹤘I(y)˹d•Rķҽܿ••˹•ɭȵȱ^(gu)SՓܿ•1904ʾδ(li)һ(hu)l(f)N(zhn)(zhng)ձЇ(gu)߽҃Y(ji)ϣ͕(hu)(du)dˮa(chn)(yn){

wϏ1904ն(zhn)(zhng)𣬶ݛՓġSՓ_(ki)ʼͻ(du)ձľ֣(g)ġSՓȻЇ(gu)ֳxߵ|ρ؅^(q)Ҳr(sh)AݛՓ˳19101925λ߉(gu)_ĦҲùPڈ(bo)׫ĹЇ(gu)@Щº(li)Y(ji)һ顶|Īq̫ˡС(c)

֮ġSՓm(li)Դ߳18951914@20gһ(zhn)g@NpԺֱ൜Փȡ(li)ƻ׃ķNx^c(din)˼ݛՓʼK](mi)ȫ(zhn)Y(ji)֮(li)˼ҏ(f)ȼ1993͢Dġě_ͻĆ(wn)һ(g)(bio)־ڰ͠ɡ|µĖ|ю׺f(shu)nj(du)•hā޴ꑱ3040ȣ䁆޲ֽ(jng)^(gu)L(zhng)һֱr^ΣC(j)؎ģ¡

ô@Εr(sh)gġSՓwָ漰Ї(gu)Щʲô(ni)һЇ(gu)˿ڱij(hu)ռ(j)̎أ͡r(ji)(hu)ȥ׷N˵ġ롱(dng)r(sh)ձI(y)a(chn)ijɾʹWеֻЇ(gu)Ҳ(sh)F(xin)I(y)ʹWĹI(y)a(chn)ƷʧȥЈ(chng)SNȫţ?c)ڬF(xin)֮վ(li)˔(sh)(sh)ϵă(yu)(sh)܉њW˺(gu)s|ZÁİԙ(qun)[1](p18)Ї(gu)ˡ⡱_(ki)šyԺЇ(gu)˹̎ƷYҲyM(jn)Ї(gu)Ј(chng)߀˷Q(chng)Ї(gu)ˡǰ(gu)y(tng)W•_˹Դ˞֧AJ(rn)Ї(gu)ġ˥󡱲H˃(ni)y˶l(f)Џ(qing)Ї(gu)Ġ(zhng)Zն(zhn)(zhng)Σƽ֮Ї(gu)(qing)˕(hu){СҲ(hu)(li)ΣɴȻóֻЌ(du)Ї(gu)ԡָ򡰹ܡĽY(ji)Փ

f(shu)OɽSՓ(zhn)_֮~Oɽx^(gu)•εĕ(sh)•εĕ(sh)оųA^c(din)1924궬Oɽڡ(du)(h)̘I(y)(hu)hȈF(tun)wf(shu)УQ(chng)(gu)һλW(xu)һ(sh)(zhun)ӑՓɫ˷Nd@(sh)ă(ni)f(shu)ձ򔡶(gu)S˴򔡰ˣ(li)@NU(ku)֮ɫ˷N“(lin)j(lu)(li)Ͱ˞y@ǰ˵ĵˑ(yng)ԓ˼A(y)(li)һ(sh)ָһ֮˜I(y)\(yn)(dng)ǷĻ\(yn)(dng)[2](p404-405)Oɽ@f(shu)(gu)W(xu)(yng)ԓǰ(dng)˹ֵmD˹˵еijһ(g)

ҷоOɽ˶֪l(f)ǰ(sh)ֱϾRr(sh)r(sh)Oɽc܊(wn)(gu)˺R•^(gu)^(gu)˂֪R•Ҳһ(g)SՓ(dng)Ȼcǰᵽһ(g)SՓ(gu)܊ό•hͬ•h(gu)cձY(ji)صЇ(gu)
R•(gu)ձM(jn)С涷(zhng)ҪOɽƷЇ(gu)ʹY(ji)R•ġo(w)֪š⡷dӡ͡ۇ(gu)\(yn)r(sh)̡ȕ(sh)ͬӳM(mn)͡SՓ^c(din)Oɽ(du)@Ȼ(hu)һo(w)֪

⣬ġOɽȫ԰l(f)F(xin)1901굽1924꣬Ӌ(j)10λϵձӛ͡SՓ(li)ƵP(gun)(wn)}?q)Oɽl(f)(wn)(gu)չs־ӛ(G.Lynch)(dng)?q)Oɽʾ(sh)F(xin)ıؓ(f)(hu)ᄳġS[3](p211)Oɽ(du)@Щ(dng)C(j)ᆖ(wn)˽

o(w)Ɇ(wn)Oɽһ_(ki)ʼ͌(du)SՓı|(zh)ѵJ(rn)R(sh)(du)Џ(qing)ġϣһ(g)ɴ׃Сɶ׃ȫʧ^(gu)^(gu)(li)f(shu)ҲǴһ(g)(du)ۇ(gu)xıJ(rn)R(sh)u̡ۑB(ti)ȝuڅҵ^(gu)(du)SՓĻؑ(yng)20gȻ׃@һ׃wϿԄ֞(g)A

һA19124ǰ@(g)r(sh)ڌOɽһֱڏƷl(wi)ĸ(qun)Ķ(zhng)o(w)Փڌ(du)Џ(qing)ıJ(rn)R(sh)a(chn)Ļ߀ǻڶ(zhng)ԵҪʹ(du)SՓֻ(dng)Ľ?zhun)?f)f(shu)(yng)ԓЇ(gu)Ї(gu)ܰl(f)׃Mܱ(dng)(dng)Ҳ(dng)sʼK](mi)c(din)ƲЇ(gu)o{oЇ(gu)(li)˞(zi)@(g)vʷı|(zh)(wn)}C^@һr(sh)ڌOɽºՓ(du)SՓĻؑ(yng)Žc(din)

һָ¡SǞϷЇ(gu)ݛՓf(shu)ָ֮Ի֧˿ڷʢ(gu)˥渂(jng)(zhng)֮(chng)qǰ׷Nܼ֮
·fl(f)^(sh)׷N?x)WtFľhñ֮؏(f)Ҋ(jin)ڮҲS֮S֮˷ָ֧`֮Џ(qing)ֳء[3](p218-219)ͬr(sh)gһƪf(shu)J(rn)֧ǵشﲩпɞ֮Yһ˯t؞֮@
ݔM(jn)ڇ(gu)(ni)ᄷm˹̹¹
F(xin)r(sh)֮Թ֧ǞĿ糫SՓҲ

ᘌ(du)Փc(din)Oɽqf(shu)֧˞ƽط֮Ǐ(qing)֮Ҳڑ(zhn)(zhng)ֹl(wi)ʹ˹ʼKȥC(j)е֮ģt^δܼ֧֮ƽҲ[3](p246-247)(dng)ȻҲ(yn)Џ(qing)棺Ї(gu)Q(hu)׌ϷՓóѣ֧LJ(gu)y(tng)һє(sh)ǧӡҪЇ(gu)ָL(fng)Rһ|(zh)֮ͬNǟo(w)֮xɢ֮ĸӣ(d)Ђ(sh)֧֮
֪֧m䣬֮ӡָ֮nj֧¾^(gu)룬tЏ(qing)o(w)֮r(sh)ӡ[3](p223)_(d)Ї(gu)ϧԷЏ(qing)Ϸֵğo(w)η

ڶ(du)ն(zhn)(zhng)֮̽ՓָSo(h)|ƽĸ;1904նɇ(gu)頎(zhng)Zr͝M(mn)ޣЇ(gu)|ձl(f)(zhn)(zhng)ݛՓ•Q(chng)@(g)ԴڝM(mn)˥c˥Д_yF(xin)ξ֮(sh)Oɽһָ@Nf(shu)w\桱f(shu)ЦԒ(hu)һҲJ(rn)ڝM(mn)ȫo(w)ڝM(mn)޵Ą(sh)c(qun)ô@Α(zhn)(zhng)ǿԱġ@DzٝͬݛՓ^c(din)

Oɽ(li)؏(qing){(dio)Ї(gu)KҪɞЩ(zhng)Zްԙ(qun)ć(gu)֮gҪ(zhng)(chng)@Α(zhn)(zhng)ֻ^(gu)Ї(gu)(wn)}P(gun)(gu)g(sh)l(f)һϵЛ_ͻ_(ki)˶ѡˑ(zhn)(zhng)o(w)Փl(shu)l(shu)ؓ(f)o(w)ʹ(wn)}õص׽QָSo(h)ƽĸ;ֻЇ(gu)һ(g)µġ_(ki)M(jn)(li)fԡƽĸԴ[3](p248-249.254)Oɽն(zhn)(zhng)wЏ(qing)ځޠ(zhng)Zԙ(qun)ɴ˵óƷĽY(ji)ՓwF(xin)ĸ(chng)@ƪµͻȱnj(du)ձ(gu)Џ(qing)](mi)мl؟(z)?yn)@So(h)޺ƽҪЇ(gu)Ȇʧ(qun)ͪ(d)ć(gu)d(qing)(li)ʹЏ(qing)Р(zhng)ZĿ(bio)
ͬr(sh)߀ҪsЏ(qing)׌޸ȫ@(li)ͬһ(wn)}ăɂ(g)Oɽֻ(qing){(dio)ǰ߶ر˺ߡ

ÚvʷCЇ(gu)Ăy(tng)ǡ]ָ⡱ֻʾɹ֮Ї(gu)(hu)(du)(gu)_(ki)šOɽf(shu)һNձ`(hu)ԞЇ(gu)˱]P(gun)ص壬Ըc(li)vʷṩֵC(j)Ch(yun)ֱ峯ĽЇ(gu)һֱc(gu)еP(gun)ϵ(du)(gu)cʿě](mi)нzҕe˝h˷ƕr(sh)뾰̣v(gu)ˁ(li)AQ(mo)Լ↢R]ȁ(li)Aʿõ(dng)r(sh)Ї(gu)ҰȵCЇ(gu)˲ǡ(l)֮ͨγɡ⾫ȡ]P(gun)ǝM(mn)˽ĽY(ji)ܴ(sh)Ї(gu)־[3](p250-251)(c(din)̎xһ(y))

(gu)ˌ(du)Ї(gu)Ƿ_(ki)ŵɑ]ǞЇ(gu)õİl(f)չOɽ(f)ʾδ(li)Ї(gu)ʹȫ(gu)c̣ͨʹF·ƏVO(sh)ʹȻa(chn)l(f)_(d)ʹY̶֮ȣʹ(li)Ʒf(wn)(gu)̘I(y)ذٱڮ[3](p247)ˣJ(rn)׌˂ţռȫ˿ķ֮һć(gu)ҵď(f)dȫ(li)ĸ[3](p319)x֮OɽښW޵f(shu)(du)(gu)ӛߵՄԒ(hu)һͳ֮󣬮(dng)Ї(gu)(ni)ȫ_(ki)(du)˲ƣ䵽Ї(gu)dk(sh)I(y)[3](p560)
ڸ(gu)ͨһע⣬(dng)c˷NN֮ϵK[3](p561)Ҵ˺OɽČ(du)_(ki)˼߀аl(f)չ

ՓЏ(qing)(hu)ȡηNB(ti)Ї(gu)һҪd̘I(y)߀20o(j)֮OɽJ(rn)R(sh)Џ(qing)ֻ(l)ʹЇ(gu)L(zhng)ڳ䮔(dng)(gu)ƷăAN(xio)Ј(chng)r(ji)ԭϹ(yng)f(shu)ڱ@ز(sh)̘I(y)Ԛ(li)Ї(gu)ԼĹI(y)ɞ骚(d)ć(gu)҈(jin)Q҂΢F(xin)Ҫ@l·ăAr(sh)ô(g)WYx͕(hu)^I(y)ġSʹЇ(gu)h(yun)ɞ鹤I(y)ĠƷ[3](p322)(du)Oɽһ(gu)˽f(shu)Ї(gu)˱|(zh)һ(g)(i)úƽĶǺÑ(zhn)塱ˡa(chn)SΨһܕ(hu)ڹI(y)(jng)(zhng)ʽ֮
׃(dng)˵rmij̶Ⱥ͹Yıʕ(hu)ܿ˟o(w)ٰЇ(gu)ڹr(ji)ݔصطȥ[3](p211)˼f(shu)I(y)(jng)(zhng)DzɱģSЇ(gu)̘I(y)İl(f)չˮƽ@N(jng)(zhng)Ї(gu)r(ji)c(gu)˓ʽF(xin)
ֻҪ@(gu)Ҳ͟o(w)(qun)Oɽ(jin)Ї(gu)d(sh)I(y)ϾRr(sh)ͰѰl(f)չ(sh)I(y)鹤c(din)֮һ

P(gun)(du)з(f)ʾ(jin)֡ƽx(gu)o(w)Փ1906l(f)ġЇ(gu)ͬ˕(hu)•(du)ԡ߀1911궬ġͨ(gu)(sh)1912ġRr(sh)󿂽y(tng)ԕ(sh)(du)ԕ(sh)Լ@Εr(sh)gĸNf(shu)Oɽһ?gu)?qing){(dio)(dng)M(gu)(yng)M֮x(w)(gu)(yng)֮(qun)ڡ֮(w)һϴȥ֮
cѰxֺƽx[4](p2)wf(shu)ļՄԒ(hu)ʾJ(rn)x֮ǰc(gu)ӆlsЧZ߀ǷʱȫAo(h)ؔ(ci)a(chn)͸NȵÙ(qun)߀؄eᵽmն폊(qing)ӆNƽ֮ͼsȻ[3](p561)

(dng)ȻP(gun)ՄԒ(hu)ЌOɽᵽ^(gu)ںP(gun)tй֮(qun)wԱ䱾(gu)(sh)I(y)֮l(f)_(d)(dng)ҕЇ(gu)֮鱾λ
ʾЇ(gu)Nĸɕr(sh)(dng)ȡI(lng)²Й(qun)P(gun)ǰOɽQ(chng)c˺hQʹЇ(gu)ʹПԡO(sh)cǰ(gu)Ї(gu)ѵ֮_ͻ
P(gun)ںO(sh)ˡNĸɕr(sh)țQlʌ(sh)ʩ@ȻԺܾõHOɽ߀(f)(qing){(dio)Aƽطԣdzl(wi)֮Qp(zhn)(zhng)
֮Qo(w)ۇ(gu)֮ҰģQU(ku)܊䪚(d)I(lng)ȫѡȴ˶߱˲o(w)܊؛kʹЏ(qing)L(fng)ҡf(shu)OɽNNʾѽ(jng)޶ȵwF(xin)ΩcЏ(qing)HQcЏ(qing)[3](p560-561.582.561)(chng)͑B(ti)

֮һAOɽѽ(jng)^ȫ،(du)SՓ˽¶gȡЏ(qing)(du)ĸ˜I(y)֧漰̎Џ(qing)ȵĆ(wn)}Ƿdzغ͵ġ@ʹռW޸(gu)ķǮ(dng)(qun)еõһ⽻(chng)_(ki)(gu)ݛՓQ(chng)顰Ė|ˡ(sh)HЧ@ȻǺ޵

19124µ1919ꡰġ\(yn)(dng)֮ǰǵڶA@gЎׂ(g)غ׃Ǒ(yng)ԓP(gun)(li)һnjOɽ19123µx_(ki)Rr(sh)󿂽y(tng)λvԒ(hu)r(sh)Ըɵر_(d)Լ挍(sh)˼Џ(qing)δЇ(gu)ˡ(gu)׃䌦(du)AЏOɽĸʼK](mi)еõЏ(qing)ijJ(rn)֧֣
ж(gu)Ї(gu)ֻy֮C(j)ɹŵ؅^(q)ѣЇ(gu)֮(sh)
^ձԌ(du)‡(gu)(zhn)ɽ|߀ʮһlҪ󣬎׺Ҫʹ(g)Ї(gu)ɞֳǵһ(zhn)M(jn)кͶ(gu)ʮ¸İl(f)ʹOɽ(du)(gu)H΄(sh)Ї(gu)⽻ᘮa(chn)µ˼ʹÌOɽP(gun)ֱӻg漰SՓՄԒ(hu)еһA˼(ni)ݵm(x)ҲһЩµ׃

ǼҪSo(h)(qun)Ҫ_(ki)x19124ѮOɽһf(shu)о֮_(ki)xlsⷨ(qun)ջЇ(gu)(qun)to(w)Փ·(gu)֮Կɽ֮ͶY[4](p340)f(shu)ͨ̿ڰضȥ?yn)סڿڰеЇ?gu)ˡԸЇ(gu)w˽y(tng)ݠ[4](p389-390)ͬr(sh)_(ki)Ї(gu)ȫԹˠI(yng)I(y)lAˡ(yng)Ї(gu)Ι(qun)[4](p453)(jin)εf(shu)_(ki)ȫ(gu)(li)?y)Qȡͨ̿ڰջⷨ(qun)Ԍ(sh)F(xin)(qun)

ٴνЇ(gu)(hu)ɞ顰SҪ(ni)Ѓc(din)һf(shu)Ї(gu)طV(li)һ(jng)_(ki)أt(gu)˟o(w)ӹ䌍(sh)Ї(gu)dr(nng)Vtʮ֮gB(yng)[4](p389-390)(du)ͶYЇ(gu)֮A̘I(y)d،ȫ̘֮I(y)f(shu)Oɽָrǡǡ෴Ї(gu)l(f)_(d)tȫ֮rɽM(jn)[4](p453)Ǐ(qing){(dio)Ї(gu)(hu)ַ(gu)ҲS(gu)ַԼf(shu)W˶Ї(gu)ַ֮Ї(gu)o(w)־־кƽ֮Ҫˮꑴ܊ֻԱǹW˄(sh)tˌ(qing)(gu)(li)„(sh)څtyA(y)[4](p389-390)Ԓ(hu)ܺdЏ(qing)Ҫ̫

Ї(gu)Ҫӏ(qing)܊Ҍ(du)ݵĔˑ(yng)ϧһ(zhn)19124ѮOɽf(shu)^(gu)Ї(gu)ɞ鏊(qing)֮(gu)о(qing)܊ɡҪ?jing)?w)ںU(ku)܊Գȫ얹֮(gu)[4](p345)Ժ(qing){(dio)Ї(gu)(qing)DžДU(ku)܊佨O(sh)ɡF(xin)ڏ(qing)绢ʳ҇(gu)҇(gu)ஔ(dng)еl(wi)t҇(gu)؞黢ʳҲ[4](p390)1912궬ڶ(gu)(du)ɹҰĮ¶ԸͬЇ(gu)ՄЏ(qing)(du)(gu)ԞyOɽʮֽ]f(shu)(gu)Џ(qing)@NB(ti)˷ǹʞϷ֮غc丩׶ (tng)֮Ϸl(f)^һ(zhn)Ԅ?gu)?qing)vԳՓ֮Ց(zhn)(zhn)cڰԵ(qing)(qun)һѳ˵[4](p549)Oɽ@Εr(sh)gP(gun)ڼӏ(qing)܊ĺ@سʬF(xin)(du)ǰ֡cЏ(qing)Hġƽxߵ

һ(zhn)M(jn)֮HOɽæڡθo(h)(gu)o(h)(zhng)ȻP(gun)ע˼Ї(gu)cЏ(qing)P(gun)ϵ(wn)}@Εr(sh)gj(du)շᘵĸ׃֪Oɽڏ·ͷԬ(zhng)^(gu)L(zhng)ھձҲ෽O(sh)(zhng)ȡձ͸ʿ֧1913괺߀f(shu)ձc҇(gu)P(gun)^o(w)Ԗ|֮ҰġַQ(chng)H⽻֮[5](p26-27)(du)ձѰ̫^(gu)Ԃ顱[5](p52)˕r(sh)(du)ձ܊(gu)xߵҰжͬr(sh)ְl(f)^(gu)@Ą(dng)֮ՓP(gun)Ї(gu)Č(li)܉Ї(gu)߱؞ձ(du)_şo(w)ɡ[5](p50)һձ˕r(sh)δд(dng)һOɽڶ(zhng)ԵҪֱհl(f)ʮһlձڌ(du)‡(gu)(zhn)ɽ|r(sh)Oɽ](mi)й_(ki)l(f)u(png)ձՓֱġ\(yn)(dng)g19196l؟(z)ձۇ(gu)x֮Ұġl(f)չߡ[2](p72)Ĵ_(ki)ʼ•ӑͷ(du)ձۇ(gu)x⽻c(din)

1919ꡰġ\(yn)(dng)֮ǵA@r(sh)𵽌Oɽ(gu)(ni)΄(sh)P(gun)ϵ׃(gu)(ni)ֳm(x)(dng)ʎʹ19221923gЏ(qing)Ќ(du)Ї(gu)(sh)Сܡ֮f(shu)
1922AʢD(hu)h֮ìuӄ
1917(gu)l(f)ʮ¸(du)Ї(gu)Ӱڡġ֮Խ(li)Խ@
߀Ї(gu)幤I(y)ڵһ(zhn)gõl(f)չ(gu)(ni)Aӷ(du)ۇ(gu)x(zhng)IJߝqȵڌOɽصה[ÓSՓĉƌW(xu)ط(f)sĬF(xin)(sh)rȫر_(d)ԼP(gun)ֱӶ@Žc(din)

һJ(rn)Ї(gu)Č(sh)I(y)һܸl(f)չʹ(gu)׃(du)A(jng)(j)
Џ(qing)ٶġܡf(shu)ҲQ(hu)óЇ(gu)һҪ(sh)F(xin)ȫĪ(d)19204ŒOɽ(gu)(d)܈(bo)׫ʾЇ(gu)ُ(gu)I(mi)Щ(gu)ƷǘǘO䲻Ї(gu)tҪԼԼҪĖ|ゃĮa(chn)Ʒ܉Ї(gu)cЇ(gu)ć(gu)؛(jng)(zhng)֮ゃֻ_(ki)ʼЇ(gu)cЇ(gu)O(sh)S(chng)tt綼Ҫ(q)Ї(gu)Ј(chng)[6](p249)Ҋ(jin)Oɽ(du)҇(gu)ĹI(y)ИO

(du)ڡܡ֮f(shu)Oɽмһf(shu)F(xin)ڹ֮f(shu)ͬʮǰϷ֮f(shu)һʲô䌍(sh)Wޑ(zhn)(zhng)֮󣬸(gu)ٿǧֻ(gu)ͬձ߀֑(zhn)ǰĵλeć(gu)Dzܹ҂ô[7](p118)ַQ(chng)һf(shu)֮԰l(f)ǵۇ(gu)xЇ(gu)(mng)҂ѽ(jng)l(f)_(d)ջЩ(qun)ĘOc(din)ĉ(mng)HҪʧҪС[2](p370)@gOɽӆć(gu)hһѽ(jng)_ʾһвƽȗlsأI(lng)²Й(qun)˹P(gun)(qun)ԼЇ(gu)(ni)ʹһεę(qun)ֺЇ(gu)(qun)ߣԮ(dng)ȡӆpƽȡ(qun)֮ls[8](p122)f(shu)˕r(sh)OɽķۑB(ti)Ѻr(jin)

ڶ̽¶ۇ(gu)xı|(zh)ָ(du)Ї(gu)Ї(gu)(ni)yѣҌΣƽĸԴɴ˸߶u(png)r(ji)Ї(gu)xOɽf(shu)Ї(gu)ʮ(li)֮(zhn)ֱ܊ygԵۇ(gu)xװo(w)ߡ[2](p76)Էe֮Ї(gu)Ȼ֮(sh)遆֮͠ɣʮ֮(ni)Դ˹ʶ؆֮(zhng)
ʞ鱣ρ޼ƽӋ(j)ƼΩһ֮ΩوDЇ(gu)֮y(tng)һ[8](p130)J(rn)@(g)xf(shu)Ї(gu)(sh)W޵ۇ(gu)x֮•Ҳ[7](p404)(dng)r(sh)܊ֱĿ(bio)Oɽ(du)(gu)ӛf(shu)Ʒձ⸮֮ͥƷձЇ(gu)֮(sh)ʹձܡFt֮ۇ(gu)xҿ϶f(shu)ܾS̫ƽƽ֮(gu)Ӣ(gu)(sh)Ї(gu)Ҳ[9](p101)ʮԺ΄(sh)׃C(sh)ˌOɽȫ_

(du)δ(li)ܮa(chn)(zhn)Ї(gu)(dn)؟(z)εķѰ˷N(xin)ġSՓص׽Ҵ19231924gOɽ(du)@һ(wn)}ΰl(f)ՄԒ(hu)f(shu)ف(li)֮(zhn)(zhng)Փ߶^S֮(zhn)(zhng)?yn)W֮(zhn)(zhng)ҔҲA(y)Ӌ(j)ǷN(zhn)(zhng)ڲͬN֮gͬN֮g׷Nc׷N_(ki)(li)(zhn)SNcSN_(ki)(li)(zhn)ǷN(zhn)(zhng)A(j)(zhn)(zhng)DZߺ͙Mߵđ(zhn)(zhng)ǹ͏(qing)(qun)đ(zhn)(zhng)߀f(shu)(li)ĺSһ“(lin)(li)(qing)(qun)ĺS(qing)(qun)Ҳһ“(lin)(li)@ɷN“(lin)ϣⲻһ(chng)(zhn)ҾwָښW¶(d)£֮Ј(jin)Ӣ𣨷M֮
ځބtӡ֧Ǟ֮Ј(jin)M֮ͬӢ
ף(gu)?yn)M֮ͬˣ(c(din)̎xһ(y))

?yn)ز֮ɔҲΩձڲ֪֮(dng)?sh)

Oɽͬr(sh)vԒ(hu)зQ(chng)ٝʮ¸Ǵƶ(gu)ĵۇ(gu)xǴĵۇ(gu)xҕK顰W֮(qing)(qun)֮󔳡[7](p402-404)[8](p191-193)(jin)رʾЇ(gu)HҪcۇ(gu)x_(ki)(zhng)ҡҪ(j)ADZM҂š҂(du)СҪ(du)Џ(qing)Ҫֿ[8](p253)όOɽ(du)ߡ͡Mߡɂ(g)ꇠI(yng)Ąw_(du)(gu)ձ߀ڱM(zhng)ȡ׃(du)Ї(gu)屻ȇ(gu)ҵđB(ti)OɽҲϣӏ(qing)얹SN֮gĈF(tun)Y(ji)?yn)顰޳ձеС嶼܏?qing)ĉƣܷNNʹͬz[8](p193)Oɽ˷N(xin)ԉߺͱ߅^(q)eѣͬr(sh)\(yn)òֻˣU(ku)“(lin)ϑ(zhn)(xin)˼J(rn)R(sh)Ͷ(zhng)ˇg(sh)ֵÿ϶

ĻĽǶgSՓSоѽ(jng)ָǘOɽǰ˼ϳʬF(xin)һN(du)Ї(gu)y(tng)Ļġؚw@Щоߛ](mi)аьOɽĻؚwcСSՓı“(lin)ϵ(li)(sh)H@(g)Ҳǿ^ڵġǰѽ(jng)ᵽOɽ1924궬ձf(shu)r(sh)Ȼӛǂ(g)(xi)^(gu)ɱP(gun)ڡSՓĕ(sh)(gu)W(xu)f(shu)зgˡԚW޵ĻǺϺx˵Ļ
ԁ޵ĻDzϺx˵Ļ^c(din)u(png)WҕĻy(tng)ĻԾӡĻ^Ͱ׷N(yu)ԽՓ

OɽJ(rn)W޽װĻǿƌW(xu)ĻעعĻͬr(sh)һNĻԵĻv(qing)(qun)󘌴ځ(li)ˡJ(rn)遆޵ĻĻvx¡x(li)лˡˌ(du)@ɷNĻ_B(ti)ȑ(yng)ԓԡ҂еĻx¡A(ch)߀ҪW(xu)W޵ĿƌW(xu)dI(y)(qing){(dio)W(xu)(x)WˡnjW(xu)Wށ(li)eć(gu)Ȅe壬҂njW(xu)(li)l(wi)ġ[2](p404-405,407)Ļһ(g)(ni)ஔ(dng)ĸOɽácԵx¡c(qing)(qun)(li)քe|Ļc(din)ҲS(zhn)_ȫ棬?gu)Ї?gu)y(tng)Ĺɫ20o(j)20܉ȵĖ|c˵Џ(qing)ļҌ(du)֮ڡSՓҕͳ󻯖|Ļı֮£ͲyOɽ@Nf(shu)ľɼĺ

֮@һAOɽ˼J(rn)R(sh)F(xin)AֻDZ(dng)qЇ(gu)(hu)(du)瘋(gu)ɵԈ(jin)ķ(du)ۇ(gu)xđ(zhn)ԿƌW(xu)ķ۹Ͷ෽Ķ(zhng)ˇg(sh)(du)SՓg

Oɽһf(shu)ʼK֮̎Уһֱδֹͣ˼͊^еĽR(sh)Ҋ(jin)䣬r(sh)˺ͺ(li)Ό(du)SՓ֮(li)̓(gu)Փijɹ@o(w)Ҳnj(du)So(h)x͠(zhng)ȡƽؕI(xin)

īI(xin)

[1]۵‡(gu)ݺ•砖SߠSՓ[M]̄(w)ӡ(sh)^1964.

[2]OɽOɽȫ11[M]A(sh)1986.

[3]OɽOɽȫ1[M]A(sh)1981.

[4]OɽOɽȫ2[M]A(sh)1983.

[5]OɽOɽȫ3[M]A(sh)1986.

[6]OɽOɽȫ5[M]A(sh)1986.

[7]OɽOɽȫ8[M]A(sh)1986.

[8]OɽOɽȫ9[M]A(sh)֣1986.

[9]OɽOɽȫ6[M]A(sh)1985.

P(gun)~S ӌ(du) _

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