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ؐˠ֮(jng)WṩĵһƪP(gun)ڸĽ(jng)īIǰKrueger1974Փƪ˙(qun)I(lng)ġ(jng)⡱P(gun)ԼI(y)I(lng)ČО@ƪ°ѡ{ˮrdġν(jng)Wо
ߵ٣Bhagwati1982P(gun)ڷa(chn)Ԍ⣨^DUPDirect Unproductive Profit-seeking activitiesՓǽ(jng)WP(gun)ڸоһƪ(jng)īIߌN(qun)ӼԷeˌҪʽ¡Ժӡԫ@ã1o2Ј~иߣ3н(jng)I(qun)͵ĉŔֶ߽綨˙(qun)D(zhun)ƵYԴޡIę(qun)Iߎ~Ķһ̶ŤYԴஔa(chn)YԴD(zhun)Ƶa(chn)I(lng)ݳMЧʌٛM 1990ԺǰxM롰D(zhun)ͽ(jng)˽лcIJLځΣC¶ĸڄ߳ 1980ΣC(jng)Yx(jng)wϵr¶ĸF(xin)֮ڷNNԭP(gun)ڡоuɡ@W@һrڵīI˴|ρЇ͚Wޱ^(q)İоԼyСH؛ŻMWHҽ(jng)оֵșC(gu)оP(gun)@ЩīIѽ(jng)l(f)ƪC£κP(gun)ע}x߶njFīILambsdorff1999
Bardhan1997
Ades and Di Tella1996
Rose-Ackerman1996
Khan1996
Andvig1991
ԼTansparency International Source book2000
Ades and Di Tella1997µĽ(jng)о֧˿ͰߵP(gun)Ac֮g(lin)ϵՓC
һcΌWWһֽ(jng)WҏġD(zhun)ڽ(jng)˽л^̡Ľ(jng)ˡЧՓ^a(chn)Ԍ⡱Փ@һǶȿ_ʼ@һĺنTȡVTͬrṩ˹գҊTullock1996
^һӡԡҊJohnsonKaufmannand Schleifer1997@뵽ɽ(jng)WPosner1975Ŀһ̶ϳɞĝԽ(jng)W(ni)Č@һuMurphySchleiferand Vishny1993
Kurer1993
Kaufmann1997
Mauro19951997峣1996oһNһ⡰ҕµĸĽY(ji)ՓǣڸI(lng)븂CƣՓǽ(jng)I(lng)߀I(lng)nj̎Braguinsky1996P(gun)ڸԭh(hun)º͉Ŕh(hun)µĽ(jng)Lc֮gP(gun)ϵoƵՓC
(jng)WṩһF(xin)ķԲՓCadot1987
Tirole1996@һ˼·ؔa(chn)(qun)ĺ綨ɞƸҪh(hun)(ji)Przeworskiand Limongi1993
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gM͌Wߌ˺矟t(y)θ£Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center2000ȑһĸcձϵy(tng)ĸ^(q)_ǰһСMoġ(qun)Y֮һ߄tx飺ֻп˸ſṩյϵy(tng)ę(qun)О顱@ƪP(gun)ĵǡϵy(tng)Ը
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Alberto Adesand Rafael Di Tella1996Causes and Consequences of Corruption
A Review of Empirical ContributionsIDS Bulletin
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A SurveyStudi economici46 (4-3).
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Jagdish N. Bhagwati1982Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) ActivitiesJournal of Political Economy 90 (5)
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Olivier Cadot1987Corruption as a GambleJournal of Public Economics 33 2 (July)
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Daniel Kaufmann1997Corruption
the FactsForeign Policy 107 (Summer)
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Oskar Kurer1993Clientelism Corruption and the Allocation of ResourcesPublic Choice 77 (2)
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Johann Graf Lambsdorff1999Corruption in Empirical Research - A Reviewjlambsd@uni-goettingen.de
H.G. Liddell ed.An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon7th ed. Oxford University Press 1889.
Paolo Mauro1995Corruption and GrowthThe Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 2 (August)
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Paolo Mauro1997The Effects of Corruption on Growth Investment and Government Expenditure
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The Institute for International Economics.
Kevin M. MurphyAndrei Schleiferand Robert Vishny(c̎xһ)
1993Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to GrowthThe American Economic Review 83 2 (May)
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Susan Rose-Ackerman1996When is Corruption Harmful Background paper for the World Banks 1997 World Development ReportThe State in a Changing WorldWashington
The World Bank (August).
Richard A. Posner1975The Social Costs of Monopoly and RegulationJournal of Political Economy 83 (4)
807-827.
Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi1993Political Regimes and Economic GrowthJournal of Economic Perspectives 7 3 (Summer)
51-69.
Jean Tirole1996A Theory of Collective Reputations (With Applications to the Persistence of Corruption and to Firm Quality)The Review of Economic Studies (63)
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Gordon Tullock1996Corruption Theory and PracticeContemporary Economic Policy 14 (July)
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