歷史的翻譯篇一：中英文對(duì)照-中國(guó)歷史簡(jiǎn)介

中國(guó)歷史簡(jiǎn)介

Brief History of China

在我國(guó)古代，國(guó)家有時(shí)統(tǒng)一，有時(shí)分裂，中國(guó)一詞的含義在不同時(shí)代也不同，大致統(tǒng)一時(shí)期略指全國(guó)，分裂時(shí)多指中原。隨著皇帝統(tǒng)治疆土的變化，中國(guó)一詞所包括的范圍也相應(yīng)有所不同�！爸袊�(guó)”這一名稱在西周周武王時(shí)期意為“中央之國(guó)”。相傳3000年前，周公在陽(yáng)城 (今河南登封)用土圭測(cè)度日影，測(cè)得夏至這一天午時(shí)，八尺之表于周圍景物均沒(méi)有日影，便認(rèn)為這是大地的中心，因此周朝謂之中國(guó)。 In ancient China, the National Unity sometimes, and sometimes separatist, the Chinese meaning of the word in different times different, generally refers to a unified national strategy, the split means more when the Central Plains. With the territory of the emperor rule changes, the Chinese word, including its coverage varies accordingly. "China" in the name of King Wu of Zhou period of the Western Zhou Dynasty agreed to "central country." Passed in 3000, the Duke of the Yangcheng (today Henan Dengfeng) with Tugui measure the shadow of the sun, measured Next day noontime, Bachimen's table in the surrounding landscape are not the shadow of the sun, we think this is the center of the earth, so that goes to China.

漢朝以后，雖然有些外族入侵中原后建立的政權(quán)也自稱“中國(guó)”，但是并不代表它們就是中國(guó)政權(quán)。因?yàn)樗麄冞@個(gè)自稱的“中國(guó)”通常指地理概念上的“中原”而不是國(guó)家意義上的“中國(guó)”。即使歷史上的某個(gè)政

權(quán)自稱中國(guó)政權(quán)，也未必代表它就真的是中國(guó)政權(quán)。根據(jù)史料，日本也常常自稱“華夏”、“中華”。例如《大日本史》卷117，載奈良時(shí)代藤原廣嗣在公元740年（唐代開(kāi)元二十八年）上表日主：“北狄蝦夷，西戎隼俗，狼性易亂，野心難馴。往古已來(lái)，中國(guó)有圣則后服，朝堂有變則先叛”。二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束，日本天皇在《終戰(zhàn)詔書》中還把日本稱為“神州”，但是日本和中國(guó)顯然是兩國(guó)。判斷歷史上一個(gè)政權(quán)是否是中國(guó)政權(quán)，主要看它與前一個(gè)中國(guó)政權(quán)的關(guān)系，是以國(guó)內(nèi)政權(quán)更換的形式取代前一個(gè)中國(guó)政權(quán)，還是以外來(lái)征服者的姿態(tài)取代前一個(gè)中國(guó)政權(quán)。 After the Han Dynasty, although some alien invasion originally established by the regime are calling themselves "Chinese" But this does not mean that the Chinese regime. Because they are the self-styled "China" usually refers to a geographical concept of "heartland," rather than a national sense of "China." Even in the history of any regime claiming the Chinese regime, it does not necessarily mean it really is the Chinese regime. According to historical data, the Japanese are often called himself "China" and "China." For example, "in connection with" Volume 117, Nara era Fujiwara containing widely Nations in the year 740 (Tang Dynasty 1939), Table Main : "Beidi Yezo. Xi Rong Falcon secular and Wolf easy chaotic, difficult to tame ambitions. to have come to ancient China after the St. clothes, Zhutang change, I will rebel. " The end of World War II, the Japanese emperor in "the end of the war rescript" Japan also known as "Divine", but Japan and China is obviously

the two. Historical judgment on whether a regime of the Chinese regime, it's important to see a China with the former regime, on the domestic regime change in the form of a place of the former Chinese regime, or outside conqueror posture to replace the former one Chinese regime. 中國(guó)不是一個(gè)單純的地理概念，更是一個(gè)民族與文化的概念。中國(guó)是華夏漢族建立并以華夏漢族為主體的國(guó)家。古代中國(guó)人歷來(lái)就有抵抗外侵、保衛(wèi)家園的光榮傳統(tǒng)，一旦有外族入侵，便會(huì)英勇反抗，絕不允許外來(lái)入侵者篡奪中華正統(tǒng)的地位。從霍去病的“匈奴未滅，何以家為”，到岳飛的“精忠報(bào)國(guó)”，每一次遭受外侵，古代中國(guó)人都奮起抵抗，無(wú)一不驗(yàn)證了這一光榮傳統(tǒng)�？鬃釉谡撜Z(yǔ)中評(píng)價(jià)管仲說(shuō):“微管仲,吾其披發(fā)左衽矣!”，意思是，有了管仲，華夏沒(méi)有亡于外族。什么叫“披發(fā)左衽”？ “披發(fā)左衽”的反義詞，就是“束發(fā)右衽”，也就是華夏漢族的發(fā)型服裝，是華夏漢族和華夏漢文化的代表�？梢�(jiàn)，孔子也是把華夏漢族和華夏漢文化視為中華正統(tǒng)，不容外族取代中華正統(tǒng)

。所謂的“夷狄入中國(guó)，則中國(guó)之”，這里的“夷狄入中國(guó)”指的是歸化、內(nèi)附中國(guó)，決不是以外來(lái)征服者的姿態(tài)征服中國(guó)。

China is not simply a geographical concept, it is a national and cultural concept. China is the establishment of China Han Han and China as the main countries. Ancient Chinese people will always resist foreign aggression, defend the homeland's glorious traditions, once the alien invasion, it would heroic resistance never allow foreign invaders usurp China orthodox position. Rock engraving of Huo Qubing "Huns not

extinguished, and why the family", Yue Fei's "Total Loyalty to the country", each from a foreign invasion, Ancient Chinese people rose in resistance, all verified by this glorious tradition. The Analects of Confucius in evaluating Guan Zhong said : "Micro - Guan Zhong, I left their overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair now!" , Which means that with Guan Zhong. China did not perish in the tribe. What is called the "overlapping part of Chinese gown disheveled hair left?" "Disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" antonyms, "beams the right overlapping part of Chinese gown," which is China's Han hairstyle clothing, China is Han Chinese culture and Chinese representatives. This shows that Confucius was also put China and China Han Han Chinese culture as orthodox and not orthodox tribe replace China. The so-called "barbarians into China, then China", where the "Yellow-China" refers to the naturalization, containing China, is not a foreign conqueror gesture to conquer China.

滿清入關(guān)，大儒學(xué)家顧炎武提出了“亡國(guó)”與“亡天下”之辨。他說(shuō):“有亡國(guó),有亡天下。亡國(guó)與亡天下奚辨?曰:易姓改號(hào),謂之亡國(guó)。仁義充塞而至于率獸食人,人將相食,謂之亡天下。”學(xué)者黃宗羲所言,“明亡于闖賊,乃亡國(guó)也,亡于滿清,則亡天下”�！巴鎏煜抡�,衣冠易改,披發(fā)左衽矣”。這里的“亡國(guó)”是現(xiàn)代意義上的政權(quán)消亡，這里的“亡天下”則是現(xiàn)代意義上的民族國(guó)家的淪亡。 歷史學(xué)家顧誠(chéng)先生在《南明史》第一章第一節(jié)寫道：“在漢族官紳看來(lái)，大順政權(quán)取代明朝只是“易姓改號(hào)”，

朱明王朝的掙扎圖存是宗室、皇親國(guó)戚、世襲勛臣之類“肉食者”的事，同一般官紳士民沒(méi)有多大關(guān)系；而滿洲貴族的入主中原則是“披發(fā)左衽”（剃頭改制），“亡天下”了；天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé)，都應(yīng)當(dāng)奮起反抗�！笨梢�(jiàn)，明朝的民眾，已經(jīng)把滿清入關(guān)與以前的改朝換代嚴(yán)格區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。以前的改朝換代，只是中國(guó)內(nèi)部的政權(quán)更換，滿清入關(guān)，則被視為外侵。

Enter, Daru Jurists Gu Yanwu the "Nation" and "death" one of ethnicity. He said : "Nation, perish the world. Nation and the world perish 15:20 ethnicity? Said : Yixing change, known as the Nation. Ren injects As for the rate of animal food, will cannibalism, that the world perishes. "scholar Huang Zongxi said, "Ming perish in Chenzei, is also Nation, killed in the Qing Dynasty, the world will perish." "Perish world, attire easy to change, disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown carry." Here, "nation" is a modern sense, the power to vanish, and Here, "the world perish" is a modern sense, the end of the nation-state. Mr. historian GU Cheng "Nanming History" section I wrote the first chapter : "It appears in the Chinese officials, Girdles, Dashun regime replacing only the Ming Dynasty, "Yixing changed," Zhu Ming dynasty in the struggle to survive is the clan, the line. hereditary Xunchen like "Roushizhe" matter with the general Officials Making Christianity is not much; Manchu nobility and entered China principle is "disheveled hair left overlapping part of Chinese gown" (barber restructuring), "the world

歷史的翻譯篇二：歷史專業(yè)外語(yǔ)翻譯

英國(guó)革命

英國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)與過(guò)渡期

1642至1649年英國(guó)發(fā)生了兩次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。伴隨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)而來(lái)的是如此之多的改革建議，小冊(cè)子，黨派及教派的出現(xiàn)，以至于人們很容易忽略掉根本的問(wèn)題。不過(guò)，這基本上包括兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：議會(huì)與王室的權(quán)力對(duì)抗問(wèn)題以及英國(guó)國(guó)教的改革問(wèn)題。但是英國(guó)的清教徒未能在改革的方式問(wèn)題上達(dá)成一致，并且隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)，他們分裂成了多個(gè)派別。這其中有兩個(gè)派別比較突出。受到蘇格蘭支持的長(zhǎng)老會(huì)主張英國(guó)國(guó)教進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)老會(huì)式的改革-但仍作為國(guó)教，而不允許其它教派的存在。公理會(huì)的核心獨(dú)立派，作為少數(shù)派，主張做出有限的容忍并因而獲得了眾多其它宗派主義者的支持。這些派別斗爭(zhēng)在社會(huì)領(lǐng)域、經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域及地理范圍方面均超出了英國(guó)社會(huì)的范圍，因而將戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)視為是階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)的觀點(diǎn)并不準(zhǔn)確。從地理范圍而言，英國(guó)的北部與西部地區(qū)支持國(guó)王，但這些地區(qū)同樣存在支持議會(huì)的勢(shì)力。東部和南部地區(qū)支持一會(huì)，但這里同樣也有王室的據(jù)點(diǎn)。按照效忠對(duì)象的不同，貴族與教士也分為不同的派別，雖然農(nóng)民與小農(nóng)場(chǎng)主通常支持王室，而城市商人與工人支持議會(huì)，但兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)中都有數(shù)量眾多的對(duì)方支持者。

國(guó)王在一開(kāi)始獲得了成功，到1644年底，議會(huì)陣營(yíng)似乎將要失敗。只有一名議會(huì)的軍官有效地訓(xùn)練了他的軍隊(duì)從而抵擋住了來(lái)自于國(guó)王軍隊(duì)的進(jìn)攻。他就是來(lái)自于英國(guó)東部的一名地方鄉(xiāng)紳，在議會(huì)中并不知名的克倫威爾�？藗愅�爾按照古斯塔夫?阿道弗斯的方式改革

他的輕騎兵部隊(duì)并向他們灌輸宗教意志以鼓舞他們的戰(zhàn)斗。結(jié)果，當(dāng)議會(huì)陣營(yíng)在1644年看起來(lái)前景黯淡之際，議會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向了克倫威爾與其他新式軍官及其所訓(xùn)練的“新式軍隊(duì)”（新模范軍）。在新模范軍的支持下，議會(huì)于1645-46年扭轉(zhuǎn)了局勢(shì)，連續(xù)擊敗國(guó)王的軍隊(duì)，迫使國(guó)王投奔蘇格蘭。第一次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束。

隨之而來(lái)的是一系列復(fù)雜的談判：同往常一樣，國(guó)王向所有的派別做出許諾，但同時(shí)又秘密地向國(guó)外尋求一切他所能獲得的援助；控制著議會(huì)的長(zhǎng)老派力圖確立一個(gè)為蘇格蘭人、國(guó)王及新模范軍都能夠接受的長(zhǎng)老會(huì)決議；而由一些宗派主義者控制的新模范軍則日益強(qiáng)烈地發(fā)出呼聲，要求實(shí)行宗教寬容以及議會(huì)的改革。其中一支激進(jìn)的力量，稱為平等派，由一名勇敢且善辯的新式軍官約翰?利爾伯恩所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，起草了一份《人民公約》作為英國(guó)的成文憲法提交給政府。平等派主張議會(huì)應(yīng)建立在比例代表制基礎(chǔ)之上，定期舉行選舉，并盡可能實(shí)現(xiàn)所有成年男性的投票權(quán)。這是一次民主化運(yùn)動(dòng)，他預(yù)示了之后在英語(yǔ)世界的民主化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，雖然在當(dāng)時(shí)被�；庶h人、議會(huì)以及清教徒所鎮(zhèn)壓。到1647年，議會(huì)與新模范軍之間的猜忌仍在增長(zhǎng)，軍隊(duì)誘騙蘇格蘭人使其將國(guó)王交到他們手中，并將查理一世作為他們的囚犯，軍隊(duì)再次掀起了一場(chǎng)反對(duì)長(zhǎng)老派控制的議會(huì)及蘇格蘭的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。新模范軍再次獲得了勝利。他征服了蘇格蘭，占領(lǐng)了倫敦，并清除了長(zhǎng)期議會(huì)中敵視獨(dú)立派的所有議員。在殘余議會(huì)的支持下，獨(dú)立黨人以叛國(guó)罪起訴查理一世，判決他有罪，并將其處死。王后及其他王室成員早已在法國(guó)宮廷進(jìn)行避難。

從1649年至1660年，英國(guó)處于受到居于突出地位的新模范軍支持的獨(dú)立派的控制之下，在克倫威爾能夠控制的范圍之內(nèi)，他的溫和政策是政府的主要政策方針。這十一年的時(shí)間是政治上的空位期。直到1653年之時(shí)，英國(guó)的政體仍然是共和制。君主制以及上議院均被廢除，由長(zhǎng)期議會(huì)中的大約五十名議員組成的殘余議會(huì)掌握著權(quán)力。一直進(jìn)行抵抗的愛(ài)爾蘭政府聯(lián)合蘇格蘭政府宣稱查理二世，即被處死的國(guó)王的最年長(zhǎng)的兒子，應(yīng)該繼承王位。因而，克倫威爾及其新模范軍不得不再次付諸武力。他們殘酷的鎮(zhèn)壓了愛(ài)爾蘭人的反抗，并再次擊敗了蘇格蘭（1649-52）.但是軍隊(duì)與議會(huì)又一次發(fā)生了沖突，1653年4月，克倫威爾解散了殘余議會(huì)并組建了新政府，確立了護(hù)國(guó)公制，這也是唯一一個(gè)依據(jù)成文憲法行使權(quán)力的政府�？藗愅�爾拒絕擔(dān)任國(guó)王，獨(dú)立派起草了政府約法，規(guī)定護(hù)國(guó)公為行政機(jī)構(gòu)的首腦，還組建了一個(gè)委員會(huì)以及由有限的選舉者所選舉產(chǎn)生的議會(huì)。但是由于克倫威爾與議會(huì)及委員會(huì)不斷地發(fā)生沖突，而且由于獨(dú)立派（本身由復(fù)雜的派系組成）實(shí)力弱小并面臨著廣泛的不滿情緒，因而護(hù)國(guó)公不得不訴諸于軍事獨(dú)裁以保持對(duì)局勢(shì)的控制。事實(shí)上，這是克倫威爾的一個(gè)悲劇，雖然從一開(kāi)始他就并未想尋求權(quán)力，而是希望實(shí)現(xiàn)英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的和平，在不訴諸于武力的前提下以和平的方式解決教會(huì)與政府之間的矛盾。經(jīng)過(guò)五年的嘗試，最終以失敗告終。1658年克倫威爾死后，他的兒子理查德?克倫威爾繼任護(hù)國(guó)公。但是理查德并沒(méi)有軍事資歷或是威望，而且與其父親相比，他更缺少對(duì)權(quán)力的渴望。新模范軍的軍官密謀反對(duì)他，六個(gè)月之后他辭去了職務(wù)，回歸自己的田園。軍隊(duì)

中的官員們開(kāi)始了激烈的權(quán)力之爭(zhēng)，最終由蒙克將軍奪取了權(quán)力，他是克倫威爾在蘇格蘭最為信任的官員。，蒙克率領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)進(jìn)入倫敦，重新召開(kāi)長(zhǎng)期議會(huì)（成員是那些還活著的議員），并主導(dǎo)了查理二世1660年的回歸。斯圖亞特王朝的復(fù)辟結(jié)束了政治上的空位期，一個(gè)冷酷且并不明智的王朝開(kāi)始了統(tǒng)治。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束了，但是主要的矛盾仍然懸而未決。

后期的斯圖亞特王朝與1688年的光榮革命

查理二世是一位充滿活力、英俊瀟灑、無(wú)憂無(wú)慮且令人愉悅的君主，然而流亡的歲月給予了他不惜一切代價(jià)以求生存的意志力。他內(nèi)心里認(rèn)同君權(quán)神授理論，但是環(huán)境迫使他不得不接受權(quán)力掌握在議會(huì)手中的現(xiàn)實(shí)——畢竟，是議會(huì)賦予了他王位。他的政權(quán)必然受到了議會(huì)的制約，雖然國(guó)王多次試圖擺脫在財(cái)政上對(duì)議會(huì)的依賴�；蛟S不可避免的是，清教主義受到了廣泛的反對(duì)，復(fù)辟時(shí)期的英國(guó)以華麗的戲劇、松散的道德、花花公子及法式情調(diào)而聞名。英國(guó)國(guó)教被重新確立，一系列稱之為《克拉倫登法規(guī)》的法案剝奪了清教徒在公共場(chǎng)合做禮拜的權(quán)利，迫使他們轉(zhuǎn)入地下。但是他們?nèi)匀辉O(shè)法以“不服從國(guó)教者”而存在，并且所遇到的共同遭遇使得長(zhǎng)老派、公理會(huì)以及其他人聯(lián)合了起來(lái)，而這在之前之前是不可能發(fā)生的。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期就曾存在的憲法問(wèn)題在復(fù)辟時(shí)期的議會(huì)中以黨爭(zhēng)的形式再次出現(xiàn)。宮廷黨，或者說(shuō)是那些贊同強(qiáng)大王權(quán)及支持嚴(yán)厲對(duì)待不服從國(guó)教者的英國(guó)國(guó)教的這些人被稱為“鄉(xiāng)紳黨”或是托利黨人；那些支持強(qiáng)勢(shì)議會(huì)并主張寬容不服從國(guó)教者的那些人被稱為輝格黨人。但是，到目前為止，兩個(gè)政黨

缺少充分的組織能力進(jìn)而實(shí)行政黨制度。

在查理二世統(tǒng)治后期，英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)彌漫著羅馬天主教將要復(fù)辟的憂慮。這很大程度上是國(guó)王本人的原因。1670年，為了使自己在財(cái)政上擺脫對(duì)議會(huì)的依賴，查理二世與法國(guó)的路易十四在兩國(guó)簽署的《多佛條約》中簽訂了秘密條款。當(dāng)英國(guó)政府正尋求限制路易十四在荷蘭及世界其它地方勢(shì)力之際，英國(guó)的國(guó)王同意他與他的弟弟約克公爵，在條件允許的情況下將公開(kāi)支持羅馬教會(huì)，并將在法國(guó)與西班牙及荷蘭的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中支持法國(guó)國(guó)王。作為回報(bào)，路易十四承諾在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行之際，每年向查理二世提供20萬(wàn)英鎊的援助，并將在英國(guó)發(fā)生暴亂之際提供軍事援助。約克公爵立刻公開(kāi)表明他對(duì)天主教的信仰，而緊接著國(guó)王就發(fā)布了《信教自由令》，企圖通過(guò)賦予他們與新教徒同樣的自由，以解除對(duì)英國(guó)天主教徒的約束與限制。但是，圣公會(huì)教徒以及新教徒都反對(duì)這一提議，議會(huì)迫使查理二世于1673年撤銷了法令。但這一問(wèn)題仍在發(fā)酵。天主教陰謀事件及關(guān)于它的流言在查理二世統(tǒng)治后期仍在繼續(xù)——這是其繼任者失敗的原因。

由于1685年去世的查理二世并沒(méi)有合法的繼承人，他的弟弟詹姆士二世便繼承了王位。作為一名羅馬天主教徒，詹姆士二世很快就因?yàn)樗�采取的一些恢�?fù)天主教徒合法信教權(quán)的蠻橫舉措而引起了英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)輿論的不滿與憤怒。1688年6月，他的王后生下了一個(gè)兒子，這就將使得一名天主教徒繼承英國(guó)王位，這一情況的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致公眾對(duì)于國(guó)王的不滿上升到了一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的程度。英國(guó)的一些領(lǐng)袖人物邀請(qǐng)詹姆士二世的女婿，荷蘭執(zhí)政奧倫治親王威廉來(lái)英國(guó)繼承王位。威廉接

歷史的翻譯篇三：歷史翻譯

Liu yuan brought forth Han, which opened 16 Country times.

In 304, Liu yuan, a member of Xiongnu nobility, raised an army in Lishi, Shanxi, clamming to be the king of Han. Then in 308, he relocated to Linfen and there he declared himself the founding emperor of Han dynasty.

From then on until the Xianbei Tuoba founded Northern Wei dynasty, northern China had fallen into divided mess for over 136 years. The north national minority built up many countries successively, known to history as "Five Hu Sixteen Countries".

Hu was the call of ethnic minorities, including the peoples categorized as : Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and other ethnics. The Royal of Jin dynasty was full of corruption and dark politics, under its oppression for a long time, these national minorities’ grievances accumulated deeply. In addition to providing the labor and the payment of taxes to the country, many people are trafficked for slave or tenant farmer. In Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, there were thousands of Xiongnu people who worked as the tenant farmer and were even traded at random for preparing military spending such as the Changzhi people, Shile, who founded Hou Zhou dynasty. When Shile was young, he had been sold to Shandong as a slave. So the contradictions between Hu and Han

was triggered at any moment.

The outbreak of the Disaster of Youngjia can be seen as the highlight of Hu’s rebellion.

In 311 CE, after the death of Liuyuan, his son Liucong breached Luoyang and captured Jin Huai emperor. During the war, a host of Jin ministers and tens of thousands of civilians were killed. This was seen as the event “Disaster of Youngjia”in history.

The people of Han fled to escape the war. In Shanxi, almost everyone were gone, including the families living here for many generations, such as Lin, Chen, Huang, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He, Hu eight big surnames. This event caused the first Han Nationality population including hereditary scholar class in Shanxi to move to the south massively in the Chinese history. This was called in history“The Disaster of Yongjia，Clothes Came Across”. The so-called dress referred to the civilization and advanced culture. They not only brought population, capital, technology, and culture to the south, where had not yet been developed. They also laid the solid foundation to the re-establishment of the capital in Jin, which was the Eastern Jin dynasty.

The massive migration of the North people settled down in the South, became the so-called Hakka.

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