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l(f)r(sh)g:2020-05-25 (li)Դ: (i) c(din)

m1891һ1962ԭUm֮տ(j)Ϫ20o(j)Ї(gu)Ӱ˼֮һ(do)x1910W(xu)(gu)뿵ˠW(xu)炐ȁW(xu)ܶČ(sh)(yn)x܌W(xu)Ӱ1917ڡ꡷l(f)ČW(xu)chô1917؇(gu)αW(xu)ڣӾ݋꡷Ԋ(sh)Lԇɞ顰ġĻ\(yn)(dng)ҪʮȺ(chung)kŬ܈(bo)¡¿(d)u(png)ՓܿӰ푵ĿՑ(zhn)(zhng)r(sh)RΣ·(gu)v(gu)ʹ1946؇(gu)αW(xu)УL(zhng)19494h(yun)(gu)1958_(ti)оԺԺL(zhng)һ܌W(xu)ČW(xu)ʷW(xu)ŵČW(xu)CI(lng)гɾСЇ(gu)܌W(xu)ʷVϣԒČW(xu)ʷϣ͡mĴ桷ļ

194911յĺmӛܺ(jin)̣

Ͼӱyʮ

Yƽĸ[1]

ǰ19481214mæx_(ki)e܊χеĹųDZƽ1217գo(w)؟(z)،(du)˾ͽ׵f(shu)Լʹڿ(zhn)֮@Щ](mi)аѾ˼뷽^(gu)ȥǘ˽^dȤČW(xu)g(sh)(dng)ˡ˾ͽ׵ǿ--һ̡Iˮ[2]

1948һϾ(du)LLȥL(zhng)m͸˹һ߅Ⱦƣһ߅b՜YġMšԊ(sh)ھף

NɣL(zhng)߅(dng)ɡ

֦lʼïֵɽӸġ

~Դ긡溣

Qȟo(w)ʳl(shu)

ֲԭՏ(f)λ

˶סȻI194912գm@Ԋ(sh)ӛ212ϺҊ(jin)r(sh)ֳʾ@Ԋ(sh)J(rn)顰(gu)h֮̎(xi)ա֦lʼïֵɽӸġm͸˹ꡰ˶œIˡĜIמζ@Ԋ(sh)ʲôһںmXǻ²vô(jin)֦lʼïֵɽӸġȲLJ(gu)h@(g)(qun)ĔĝuM(jn)׃֮·Д֪࣬ԺƽʽķNƄ(dng)(hu)M(jn)һŬ֮ˮ

mʲôdȤnjW(xu)g(sh)kW(xu)ǏĻϓ(dn)ؓ(f)һ(g)֪R(sh)ӵ؟(z)M1949D(zhun)P(gun)^ٴ̤Ͽ(zhn)r(sh)^(gu)ĸf(shu)֮·f(shu)^(gu)ڵxվYһ߅@ӵԒԸ@һc(din)](mi)ʲô׃@ɲHHϧԼë@Ȼ(g)ȤζW(xu)B(yng)(jng)vȷأҲ(du)֪R(sh)ӑ(yng)ʼKcα־xJ(rn)R(sh)P(gun)37ʯ(hu)(c)}R(sh)ǬɽЇ@z񲻿ϒϣ¡(gu)ǷҲƵа՜YԊ(sh)ʯĮ(hu)İMڹŴ՜Yʯw(hu)긡ɽںmĺ@ӵİ׺һֱ^Mزȥ

һ

18YʯՈ(qng)mȥ(gu)ҲҪʹҲҪؓ(f)ʲôʹ砎(zhng)ȡԮҪȥֹҪȥ [3] Ԓm(gu)h(gu)ϣʹL(zhng)ĺ•sһֱ^(gu)B(wn)|(zh)ġy(tng)Yܽ^ٵĵDZW(xu)УL(zhng)@(g)λ

121mˌҌϼҵ^Hͷ˽͸˹һ_(ki)_(ti)Ĵ(dng)֪YҰx_(ki)Ͼʴy(tng)ڶ糿һصϾյˡy(tng)ؕ(sh)L(zhng)ŵā(li)ży(tng)YƸ(sh)23գʁ(li)÷OՄһ(g)Сr(sh)124糿(xi)һŽoǣеرʾ

(j)W(xu)M(gu)W(xu)УL(zhng)üΞٺoš(w)F(xin)߀LJ(gu)W(xu)УL(zhng)r(sh)P(gun)ϵ˕r(sh)вošՈ(qng)ǧf(wn)oȥy(tng)xcٺƸ(sh)ҲՈ(qng)ջl(f)(bo)o(w)^IJœy(c)c

mc÷УL(zhng)ͬ܇ȥϺСס؁(li)oֲҊ(jin)ʎ\(chng)Ҵٸx [4]

Ҳ_(sh)M鱱УL(zhng)һЩ؟(z)Σ39t(y)W(xu)ԺW(xu)ϏıƽӵϺϰͱѺڪzп(bo)Ҋ(jin)һt÷OĆ֪ڶmЂ(g)_(ki)vͽo÷˂(g)ԒǡɺmҲԒRϴԒoY(jng)(gu)ʮ犽ጷˡȥm(bo)汱ƽֺԼӵĽ(jng)^(gu)ʹm(dng)HPo(xi)һC(sh)

LJ(gu)W(xu)t(y)W(xu)ԺfƌW(xu)(yng)ڌ(sh)(x)ڝM֮o讅I(y)C(sh)(dng)ŒW(xu)ڌ(sh)(x)r(sh)r(sh)P(gun)ϵ(gu)ʮѮx_(ki)ƽyW(xu)̄(w)̎ע(c)Movɿ(j)(sh)(x)C挍(sh)؞C

(gu)W(xu)УL(zhng) m ئ¾[5]

{@һC@λW(xu)Ư^(gu)M(jn)˼ôһt(y)W(xu)Ժ@ǹÿɘEӛvбW(xu)˺mҪx325籱ɶW(xu)AM(jn)m֮(li)إһm֮_(ti)ǰϦ(sh)_(ki)W(xu)ڣ˕r(sh)սxЅW(xu)ԇ[6]

213ѩ(li)늣Fϣm(li)vʹ@(g)(wn)}һֱ^ѡ214͏(f)늣ł(g)f(shu)Ԓ^ɣڇ(gu)һʛQԸ׃[7]

(dng)ȻҲJ(rn)m(yng)ԓیW(xu)ꐾ228յӛf(shu)cтDԼ۲õƻһҳcՄԒf(shu)mDz(yng)ε❓˲(yng)ԓͲf(shu)Ԓĕr(sh)f(shu)Ԓ(li)Ƿ[8]

612aɽڏVݽMwl(f)m⽻L(zhng)(dng)Цӛf(shu)m(gu)δ֪δͬ⣬ֵ֮Hл؇(gu)һtڴ˕r(sh)δػ؇(gu)Ҳ[9]B˶@ӵĿù֮еć(gu)h͂M֪ܲ@ֻǑ(yng)(gu)˶613mӛֻһԒRЪ(gu)hɗlhͬr(sh)ճNһtӢļ(bo)ɺm⽻L(zhng)RЪăɗlh֮һ[10]621գ(jng)^(gu)߰ġм(x)]ҹʡ~D(zhun)aɽ\(chng)Ҫošf(shu)mڴŬ(gu)qԩr˽˵λ(sh)Ո(qng)aɽʡՏf(shu)Ցo??Ҳ[11] ʹF;еę(qun)(sh)Ҳ(hu)һ(g)֪R(sh)ӵ\(chng)Є(dng)(qun)߉݋Ǜ](mi)\(chng)Ե628ӵaɽԲoš늈(bo)(dng)ҹ߀Ҋ(jin)ĽoYʯģ͢cš䣨m֮͸ԺL(zhng)šһ(g)cǢ̺؇(gu)ԺL(zhng)֪(gu)(ni)Sɴ˷N÷m֮^y(tng)(sh)δ(li)L(zhng)עY(f)늣m֮Ȼ؇(gu)һҲ[12]

630mBl(f)(g)늈(bo)һoaɽһoLj(jin)oL(zhng)һoYʯJ(rn)رʾ늈(bo)f(shu)δٝQٝ[13] 820գڽo늈(bo)f(shu)ܛQԸL(zhng)಻ԸκιšʼҊ(jin)²֮ǧ~Ƥ(sh)X(ju)ǰ^qԩr(sh)ҪS•δL(zhng)M]֮֮_ǧꐽ顢١tT[14]ęn@һĵij

816ڌ(xi)owԪηDУm@̻¶ԼE

ɂ(g)(li)ʮֿ⽻L(zhng)ǰҲ֪ºҴS늈(bo)ox߀áo(w)هķҲҪl(f)L(zhng)£ɂ(g)86հl(f)һf(shu)ԲSl(f)L(zhng)M]֮֮_ȥʮղø

ゃ̕(sh)ѼҾӁ(li)Ҳм(x)^(gu)ҲԸþ(gu)xWhite Book֮Ըڇ(gu)̕(sh)

ȥc(din)һQڶҲŪ(j)ڡʲôҬF(xin)߀ҲS(xi)£ҲSvݣҲSǃ߶(li)Ո(qng)?jin)ͽoһ(g)ДՈ(qng)ظVg[15]

1223գ(sh)᲻Ń(li)Щyܡr(sh)ֽowD(xi)ٴἰ

У鐃(ni)wl(f)ҵ⽻L(zhng)(li)÷NNӣҲҪl(f)ҲL(zhng)Ԓˣҏµʮ³ʲô(bo)^ӛ߶Ҋ(jin)10³L(zhng)l(f)ք(sh)Ҳ̾Մ˽˵ij(wn)}һR[16]

YʯϣMҰhϣI(lng)(do)ȇ(gu)\(yn)(dng)x^ˡ212պmӛd1100 征(li)ͬmһøՄ˔(sh)Сr(sh)(du)f(shu)Y׌Mһ(g)ҰhX(ju)Լ(g)Բmϡ@[17] f(shu)ߟo(w) (tng)˺ڽM(du)h@һmf(shu)ԒӡĿ@(dng)ȻǺԒ

614Y͢(gu)(du)mf(shu)ďĚW޻؁(li)OҪ(li)I(lng)(do)ȇ(gu)˜I(y)ԼԸmȥȻY͢ҲښWޱҊ(jin)Thomas Corcoran[R˹ƿm]Ӱ˻[18]

622Thomas Corcoran[R˹ƿm]Է(gu)؁(li)[̎]Ҋ(jin)棬ҳ(li)?y)?dn)ξȇ(gu)˜I(y)I(lng)(do)

T.C. [R˹ƿm]ӰT.F.[ Y͢]ҹ (tng)T.C.ԒȻ[19]

֮ڡ긡mҲδ׃ğo(w)댍(sh)HεĴܴ(yng)ĂҪI(lng)(do)Ͼȇ(gu)\(yn)(dng)Ո(qng)Ї(gu)(chung)ֻԸxϵİl(f)ˣBһ(g)ՓֱӽȻ(du)ԲֱβǷŗ(g)ˑ(yng)M؟(z)

19493Ѯm^(gu)_(ti)327磬(dng)r(sh)_(ti)ʡh(hu)Ļf(xi)M(jn)(hu)ĻC(j)P(gun)F(tun)wl(f)Ո(qng)һι_(ki)vڸ˹ȵͬ(li)ɽ (tng)_(d)ǧˣBv_(ti)ҲMˣֻoһϯ֮vЇ(gu)Ļɂy(tng)J(rn)ɲDz(li)ƷЇ(gu)Ŵy(tng)еGʷʷƶCѿӡӶQxJ(rn)ġՓ⡷ĵۇ(gu)r(sh)_(ki)u(png)Ăy(tng)ڷbn(yng)xxѿӵġн̟o(w)eƶȽጞ顰ƽȡ@Щ^c(din)y⠿(qing)(hu)ЦԷҪһ(g)Rɡcɡ̡c̡ġΣU(xin)r(sh)ᘌ(du)Щf(shu)ɡЮa(chn)A(j)ݳƷ񲢲ҪɡՓ{(dio)ھһЩŴɂy(tng)f(shu)һ҂ʧȥˡɡǕr(sh)ÿ(g)˲(hu)X(ju)ɲݳƷDZƷ[20]

@vǰã19481020գ㽭W(xu)vͬڼ췭ظĚvʷD(zhun)P(gun)^mĵɼ޽ӵЇ(gu)y(tng)ĻǧϘ(sh)Ҳo(w)׌Ї(gu)L(zhng)_(ki)Y(ji)@һ^c(din)ČW(xu)g(sh)\(chng)ȻȶtDzpġ

43cܵϪڿYʯһY͸¶ͺmIkЇ(gu)s־˼YʾٝɲԸٝ[21](j)Y(jng)(gu)41ӛYʯ(zhn)l(f)(dng)ȇ(gu)͡Ї(gu)ɂ(g)\(yn)(dng)scP(gun)o(w)֪R(sh)ӌ(du)ğ46ռmx_(ki)ꑵһ@Ȼ@֪Y@һB(ti)414ãão(w)H̫ƽϣ(yng)кm(xi)ˡЇ(gu)ּһģ

(c(din)̎xһ(y))

҂?c)ڽۿ?jin)a(chn)h̤ĵط̾һʮև(yn)ܵFĻFĻ(bo)ȫ](mi)„Փȫʧȥɸo(w)@ǹŴƵеص׵@LJ(gu)Ha(chn)xӋ(j)FĻֲ҂(sh)ڲҕ@NµFĻձ鵽ȫЇ(gu)҂l(f)@(g)Y(ji)顮Ї(gu)\(yn)(dng)һ(g)c(din)

҂ּ҂ҪĹ@Щ

1 ȫ(gu)(gu)c挍(sh)r(ji)ֵ2 Ҫ(j)3 е4 (sh)ĸν(jng)

(j)Ŭ(hu)

5 ֲ֧÷NNֿa(chn)hFĻ֮„Zһе6 ɵĘO(qun)7 8 ׌U(ku)

(sh)

M҂ŬԮS݅^(q)ͬ?c)ջ֏?f)

Ŀ(bio)Ҫʹ(g)A(gu)ɞɵЇ(gu)[22]

(chung)kЇ(gu)s־_(sh)ȇ(gu)h(qun)Dɵăr(ji)

ֵǰڷ(du)(gu)Ha(chn)xFĻ@ҲõYʯSֵ֧ԭ@ССİ¿ĹuYĪ(d)áMl(f)(zhn)cYС͢(du)ţ@YʼϲmsδПo(w)(sh)һֱ֔(jn)̫(dng)ȻǡЇ(gu)o(w)ɠ(zhng)hİl(f)֮һ210ա1216յ46ͺ䡢^(gu)Ĵ@(g)s־Q߀hġ416̴ɽǰϦ(xi)Žo䡢ˣ

ּ(xi)ˎ״(xi)һƪ̵ʮֲMǧf(wn)Ո(qng)ゃc(sh)

ȪˮTм(x)ȫ،(xi)^(gu)

Ո(qng)ע@^(gu)ǔM֮һN

f(wn)ѕr(sh)߀Dzl(f)(sh)ּs

l(f)ּՈ(qng)Ҫ[23]

^(gu)](mi) (tng)ĺmҊ(jin)(dng)1120Ї(gu)_(ti)(chung)HѺm(xi)@Ԓԭⲻ(dng)ӡ(y)ϣh(yun)(gu)ĺm顰l(f)ˡԺڼo(j)Ї(gu)r(sh)mv^(gu)@һԒ

Σĕr(sh)SϾϺՄ(gu)ҵĆ(wn)}kһN?qng)?bo)s־ݛՓǂ(g)r(sh)ҾͶˡЇ(gu)@(g)(dng)r(sh)ЎλҪҌ(xi)һ(g)(jin)ε

Ǖr(sh)҂߀а낀(g)Ї(gu)](mi)б൜kЇ(gu)߀а낀(g)ꑡ

̴ɽͰ@ėlּĽoϣ@(g)(jin)εĸ޸ĔU(ku)͚ܿ](mi)޸͌ڴϴҴҌ(xi)ɵ顶Ї(gu)s־@(sh)Ҹеʮ֑M(li)@חlּdڡЇ(gu)ĵһÿڶd҂ͬŬּF(xin)ԸеM[24]

(du)顰l(f)ˡʾԼdJ(rn)顰@Ρһ(g)ðӡ[25]

Ї(gu)(chung)kr(sh)߀LJ(gu)hġL(zhng)@(g)õĽ(jng)M(fi)a(b)(chung)kҲ(gu)hLJ(yn)xϵĹٷ㌎_(d)һȺxڇ(gu)Σyr(sh)ڵĹͬ•[26]

414ҹڌ(xi)꡶Ї(gu)ּmxꐪ(d)Փĺ͕(sh)šЄ(dng)o(w)ŹP(xi)һƪL(zhng)顶ꐪ(d)Ҋ(jin)⡷ǰ223x^(gu)ꐪ(d)Փĺ͕(sh)šϲM(jn)Ѳǡɡɵ·@ƪMɫʵ(du)ѡꐪ(d)Ҋ(jin)DZʾԵٝ壬J(rn)--

Ǫ(d)Լ(d)˼ĽY(ji)Փ(sh)X(ju)Ҋ(jin)ֻܴđָժЌĻ¡áYa(chn)A(j)֮挍(sh)r(ji)ֵָֻʮ꣨F(xin)ʮˣ(li)a(chn)hÁ(li)ε--o(w)a(chn)A(j)ԭ(li)ֻһ(g)նij~

(d)X(ju)J(rn)ε挍(sh)(ni)ݡһėl--һə(qun)--ǴҪģYa(chn)A(j)(d)ԶҪ2086

ꐪ(d)ڲЌ(xi)oǷL(zhng)_(d)ǧֵL(zhng)m(x)(xi)إղŌ(xi)áǧӑՓΡmf(shu)@Ї(gu)F(xin)˼ʷϣеҪīI(xin)ꐪ(d)ˡ؄eҪǷ(du)h֮ɡmJ(rn)顰@ʮ(g)ֵĶ̶һԒ(d)ץס˽εP(gun)^c(d)ƵĻ^(q)e@J(rn)(du)h֮ɣн(d)ƶȾDzS(du)hɵ[27]

@ƪmf(shu)?yn)һ(g)K(du)ɡܲ(du)(d)ĿʹĽ(jng)(yn)ýεĻ(ni)ݣ؄eҪǷ(du)h֮2091

Ȼ(dng)(li)һՈ(qng)Mһ(g)(du)hr(sh)đB(ti)ȅsā(li)](mi)и׃^(gu)ǾDzͬ⡣(dng)128 (tng)mҪMhÄom(xi)ţ

ܜɵY͢(du)l(f)^ ҪMЇ(gu)hݰɼo(j)ܼā(li)ѩͧ̎Ҋ(jin)Ї(gu)mr(sh)„ء(hu)@ɼP(gun)“(lin)}Ŀǡmh_(ki)^f(shu)mᳫxһgxM(jn)MhҲһ„„Ǐ҇(gu)v“(lin)[(gu)]F(tun)L(zhng)Y͢ڳɹQsһ(g)ص„Λrmr(sh)ģɺml(f)˵ġЇ(gu)¿ڴ˕r(sh)_(ti)桱l(shu)f(shu)›](mi)@Ӝɵ¡

Ї(gu)h³ѰxԸ(li)I(lng)(do)ʹ(i)ʿʮֵd^htܲvMV{ʿһM֮(ni)@f(wn)f(wn)y£ϣ(du)c(din)؄eעؓ(f)؟(z)ߣҪнM횹ƽc΄Թ(gu)hʧ֮ǰ܇b(w)ؓ(f)M֮ĵزɪM עMxһëc©(li)(hu)ɴ˶hM̫(jin)[28]

(sh)Hϣm](mi)нY͢ԇDMhһ`܃Ӽo(j)Ԓ˕r(sh)(du)MhҲôԵǰl(f)һ(g)Ї(gu)\(yn)(dng)ͬ꣬(xi)őՈ(qng)mI(lng)(do)@һ\(yn)(dng)

Ї(gu)\(yn)(dng)Բ_(ki)ʼۡ_(ti)һ־֮ͬʿW(xu)ʮʧ]֮Ը(dn)δ˹Oό(sh)f(shu)Ї(gu)\(yn)(dng)(li)I(lng)(do)^(du)](mi)ϣĻ鼺߀@L(zhng)ѭȥôԸMhqɿf(shu)@(g)\(yn)(dng)I(lng)(do)(sh)f(shu)(li)ǰMwǷ(du)˱Ȼ(g)˶ڇ(gu)ºo(w)a(b)Ո(qng)I(lng)(do)@(g)\(yn)(dng)ǘOٝɵģ?yn)ֻI(lng)(do)@(g)\(yn)(dng)[29]

@ֻһ(g)ıǷl(f)ҲԿ϶--mʼK](mi)д(yng)I(lng)(do)Ї(gu)\(yn)(dng)

1949m^(gu)һW^(gu)ĺƽԲŕ(hu)ѼҌٰŵϼҰտ(j)Ϫȥס18գYʯՈ(qng)Yv˜ه،܊ذ͵uͶጷŻ؇(gu)(gu)˟Қgӭ(gu)(hu)ڡsu(y)¡Ěvʷڮ(dng)ӛӛ@(xi)ˡYЄ(dng)⣿һԒYǷ@(g)(dng)mֻDzœy(c)Բŕ(hu)ںһ(g)(wn)̖(ho)Y(jin)Ҫmȥ(gu)Yğo(w)͵Ĵ\(chng)^͡ĸ涼^(gu)ݑT

215գmϺyзкͬW(xu)㽭W(xu)УL(zhng)ÿɘEՄ˰Сr(sh)ÿɘEӛf(shu)c(din)ϼw·m֮m֮(du)йcՄ֮ɹ^^֮δʼǸÌ(gu)?q)_(ti)һD(zhun)[30]

Ҳ@Κqmˡͱȑ(zhn)yĿ̖(ho)323յİЦӛӛd (tng)f(shu)m_(ti)vԒָͱȑ(zhn)y1952119գһӛд(hu)ϣmf(shu)

ͱȑ(zhn)yǰ(gu)Մδѹδɽǰf(shu)ͱȑ(zhn)y@(g)~δ(li)(zhn)ʷϕ(hu)ºÎ(y)ӛ䛡ڇ(gu)Մr(sh)f(shu)ˡͱȑ(zhn)yij܁(li)ңf(shu)Ҍ(du)ʲônj(du)ġͱȑ(zhn)yI(lng)̡돈ЬF(xin)ڑ(yng)ԓ˰ca(chn)hՄԭDz׵ģ [31]

䌍(sh)ͱȑ(zhn)yڿ(zhn)19381939oYʯ늈(bo)о͏(qing){(dio)ƽȑ(zhn)(zhng)yٱ1949꣬mR(sh)ƽDzܵģŕ(hu)YʯՈ(qng)ȥ(gu)Ҫ46Ϻٶȵ_(ki)(gu)݆ԷQǵγ(gu)Ҳһ10ڡЇ(gu)o(j)(hu)f(shu)(dng)(gu)ʮΣĕr(sh)Ҫҵ(gu)ȥ

421m݆fɽ߀δM(jn)ڣP(gun)ˆT͎(li)һ„?dng)?bo)(li)L(wn)ҪՄԒڎؑѽ(jng)ʮ](mi)п(bo)Bæ^(gu)(bo)r(sh)ȿϢLJ(gu)(ni)ƽ?jng)Q܊ѽ(jng)ɽ@NҪc(gu)„?dng)ՄԒǶôy [32] 427m_(d)~sס(dng)x_(ki)vʹš(w)ķ˴θc(zhn)r(sh)βͬ(gu)h(qun)ڴꑱ(gu)ц(wn)đB(ti)ʾܾք(sh)DyʼKLj(jin)õx֧Yy(tng)(li)(xi)¡҂Ҫx҂ķһĕr(sh)ٴˡ@(g)^c(din)h(yun)׃ġ[33]

@Y(du)tnҲo(w)P(gun)ϵʹҰϪڕr(sh)@9YT(mn)ɃȥϺ39Y(jng)(gu)ӛHҸLm23258MF·ѱ܊ռI(lng)L(zhng)ɳ(yng)ָտیW(xu)ꐾӛf(shu)Yʯџo(w)ɞm߀f(shu)Ї(gu)߀(li)ü1051

528գYʯom(xi)һţ˕r(sh)ȱ߶|(zh)侫cx֮•ԮʬF(xin)r(sh)(du)⽻֮c(din)(yng)؄eע䲻J(rn)й(qun)һҪ?jing)?w)ڌ(sh)HԮtҲ(du)M(jn)зc;ͬr(sh)M(jn);ґ(yng)Դ˞(w)f(xi)ٴʹӹ?yn)[34]

mϾǰY@һ˼·_(ki)չ⽻Ŭf(shu)ǡǴʹġʹȻ(gu)(ni)ք(sh)Ѹ׃(gu)hɽʹ̧^ϿO522գowԪηDſԿ(dng)r(sh)̎ľr(sh)ʹͬ(gu)h(qun)(gu)ҲһIĪչğo(w)(zhn)֮r(sh)^(gu)ӡ⽻ѲͬնZ(y)76m(gu)չ_(ki)g⽻ĸNŬ?x)wo(w)Ч֪ͨvʹ^ȡһмs(hu)Ҋ(jin)κ(gu)(hu)I(lng)Ժ1952127գؑf(shu)

(gu)ʮ꣬Ҹе̧^f(shu)Ԓ(du)f(shu)ҪԞm֮ڳԼ҂l(xing)оZ(y)ɽ›](mi)?gu)ʮĽ?jng)(yn)ҸеɽLJ(gu)(gu)ҵ鹵ĕr(sh)򣬵ɽɽڵĕr(sh)򣬾dzԼf(shu)ԼԒ׵顣ڇ(gu)@LJ(gu)ҵ鹵ĕr(sh)ҳM˱ʹw(yn)ɽ҂ć(gu)

@γȥҺܿʹSѵʧʹҸеyf(shu)Ԓ(gu)ʮʮգ֪ͨЇ(gu)vʹ^ȡһмs(hu)Ҋ(jin)κ(gu)(hu)I(lng)?yn)ҳ?jin)̫ʹ̎̎Ҳ?yn)ք?sh)̫󣬲˽gՄԒD(zhun)Ƶġ@(g)r(sh)ֻ(gu)ұһЩ(yn)(gu)ұһЩ˸ȡһмs(hu)Լ£f(shu)׾ԒҲ˼Ո(qng)Ո(qng)f(shu)Ԓf(shu)ԁ(li)ֻǽo(gu)һЩwo(w)ؕI(xin)ʹք(sh)ЩD(zhun)Ҳëɖ|l(f)Լɱɽľқ](mi)й[35]

85(gu)l(f)P(gun)ϵƤ(sh)J(rn)Ї(gu)(ni)(zhn)ġ(gu)(c(din)̎xһ(y))

(du)(gu)hu(png)O(yn)֮m5(g)›](mi)ȥ^(gu)AʢD12Ѯǰԛ](mi)ȥL(wn)͇(gu)(hu)19542£mڽo˾ͽ׵ǻؑ䛡Aʮӛ(xi)_(d)ԼĿ

?yn)Š_(d)u(mi)Ї(gu)?yn)ھoҪP(gun)^ĕr(sh)ֹͣˌ(du)AЧԮҪģ?yn)Լдę?qun)͟o(w)˿c?fn)I(lng)λԵ(li)Ї(gu)Ѫĕr(sh)(gu)f(shu)ﲻҡ

Ҳͬ˾ͽʿĿ(gu)H(yng)ԓa^m(x)ܽ^J(rn)й(qun)^m(x)(du)@һ(g)(qun)“(lin)χ(gu)ϯλ@һc(din)vʷԵĂy(tng)ϵ@(g)y(tng)ʷ͡ͺeԼ_˹y(tng)񼪠(xi)ڡ¡IJJ(rn)x[36]

ھˮ(jng)ע׺˺mҪ71պԡˮ(jng)עĿ(j)?sh)l(f)긡ʹr(sh)mȻ8gowԪεf(shu)Լ㿼(j)95߀ǽס(xi)һƪ5000ֵġСĺġӛf(shu)194995(gu)ġڄ(dng)(ji)ǰ՞βʹյļ@ّnȵĕr(sh)򣬛QϢ_(ki)ʼ(xi)@ƪС(xi)̫L(zhng)ڿћ](mi)Е(sh)򅢿?jn)Rˡ[37] 1029գ߀T(mn)o“(lin)(xi)һL(zhng)ӑՓ@ƪ

930ڡٟo(w)֮С֌(xi)һƪġԇҊ(jin)ȫϵˮ(jng)עУ(dng)ȻҲā(li)](mi)зŗ^(gu)(du)\(yn)P(gun)ע(j)֮~ؑ@10µ11³mɴKʹԲӑՓr(sh)£

1£ƽ

2Yʯ(f)šy(tng)(wn)}P(gun)[38]

19495£۵Ɉ(bo)l(f)˱ƽoʴW(xu)УL(zhng)ʮqĚvʷW(xu)ԫo

mĹ_(ki)ţ?qng)?bo)1949429װl(f)ԫȻ^ǰ^(gu)(li)ˑB(ti)һ挦(du)mֵ˼ΌW(xu)Լһ֮һM(jn)gһf(shu)mŗ^(gu)ȥġe(cu)`Ҋ(jin)^(gu)ȥġ^c(din)e(cu)`ȻX(ju)ÓxļF(tun)صС[39]

618mһοԫomĹ_(ki)šӢgһõǮ(dng)oԫһŵĩڶӛf(shu)ȫԒxʹҲ˹ˡŴ(xi)620գ(x)xԫ_(ki)ӢgŴŲǂģɑz[40] ֮gڌW(xu)g(sh)Sཻmx_(ki)ƽǰҹ߀ڌ(xi)źԫӑՓW(xu)(wn)ŵf(shu)ҹ(xi)˶gԒ6֮࣬(li)֪Εr(sh)ЏΌW(xu)ĸˡ

621գm615յġAS?qng)?bo)x@⹫_(ki)ŵı(dng)ӛf(shu)x˸ŴŲǼ˹ʮqB(ti)¶ɑzϧ[41] ^(gu)624뷨Ͱl(f)׃ҽ켚(x)ԫŲڡW(xu)(x)ôἰʒ܊u(png)ׂ(g)ǰl(f)¼εδ̫^(gu)25Y͢궼ԫĹ_(ki)Ȍ(xi)һţa(chn)hһСӡچڣ??һ_rkαಿ?[42]

1215ҹԳoԫ19481213P(gun)ڿCһD(zhun)

һˡڸӛf(shu)@ڱƽһՓW(xu)(sh)1214ռij15ҳƽԫ](mi)д(f)҆(wn)Ԓ[43] 벻ԫú͕(hu)l(f)@ӵĹ_(ki)c(du)ԫ_(ki)бһԒǣ

f(shu)Qo(w)ɡҬF(xin)HۿɵW(xu)ɌW(xu)(x)ӑՓڂ_(d)оҪ϶f(shu)ֻ@Ņ^(q)ɡ[44]

(li)mԫ_(ki)ź挑(xi)һƪ{L(zhng)ԁ(li)(du)ѵ˽ඨ@ôƯİԒIJԫԼ(xi)ģā(li)(xi)ԒҲQ(xi)@ƯİԒģ@ȻDŽeˌ(xi)xl(f)--

Č(xi)@ŵˮ(dng)Ȼһλ”Ϥa(chn)h˼·ϧ̫”ˣ̫Ϥй˼·@Ō(xi)̫^(gu)ͲԫУL(zhng)

ڹa(chn)h܊(du)M(jn)뱱ƽ֮(g)ʮqʷW(xu)ԫ͵˹fΌW(xu)mȻǡƌW(xu)ġe(cu)`ġ˹ѡо˱CΨՓ͚vʷΨՓ_˽ΌW(xu)

f(shu)@⡶ԫomĹ_(ki)šCa(chn)hy(tng)֮›Q](mi)ЌW(xu)g(sh)˼ɡ[45]

mȻ긡h(yun)ڴ˰ĺmȻеP(gun)ע˰һ@(gu)522owԪηDf(shu)ۡ󹫈(bo)5010հl(f)AУУ(w)ίTu(png)f(shu)У(w)ϯɫʽἰSʽͬµr籱ܱͦ(du)rP(gun)УhW(xu)ˣ[46]

816ڽowԪηDՄһЩڴꑵĹ(du)ꑵ׃тij̎ʾP(gun)ā(li)f(shu)ϺھܻSf(shu)ǵغһ(g)ϧԼ̫o(w)⣬כ_(dng)DŽe˵Ҋ(jin)ⶼԼһ׿f(shu)ۡ󹫈(bo)ӛȫ(gu)(hu)ƌW(xu)ߴ(hu)hI(hu)717ڱƽ_(ki)Ļxإ˞鳣ίϺ](mi)ж˶ӛdf(shu)䶼(hu)vԒf(shu)ֻһN_(hu)ƌW(xu)@R˾ЌxWonderful[47]

1223գڽowԪηDՄۡ󹫈(bo)l(f)ˎװق(g)¡١

С܊ίT(hu)ϯֱϯίTһhW(xu)

ڡһ֮һ[48]

@һm59qxKc(din)Ѳ12ꡣڌ(xi)owԪηDһἰʮֿ@NһֱS^(gu)1949긡ľ߀\(g)S

ע

[1] [3] [7] [10] [11] [12] [13] [18] [19] [40] [41] [42]mӛȫ7ս2001731732743774778781782774-775779778778-779780(y)

[2]˾ͽ׵ǽo(gu)(gu)(w)İƤ(sh)D(zhun)ԡmcЇ(gu)ˇ(f)d[]K1989棬327(y)

[4][5][14] [20][22] [24][27] [31] [32] [33] [35] [36] [37][38] [43] [45]ƽm֮VL(zhng)塷(c)_(ti)h(yun)湫˾1991206820772099-21002078-20812082-208320832089206920922092-2093209720982100210720632126(y)

[6] [30]ÿɘEӛڶ(c)198412291218(y)

[8] ꐾӛƒ(c)1941-1949꣩1033(y)

[9]ЦAӰǻؑm(x)ɽɽż1999893(y)

[15] [16] [46] [47] [48]m(sh)żЃ(c)W(xu)199611811188117911811187(y)

[17]ӛȫ31(c)_(ti)ڈD(sh)湫˾1989130(y)

[21]D(zhun)ԷL(fng)ǰ--һV20045°棬88(y)

[23] [25] [28] [29]f(wn)꾎f(wn)ɽSһϪ--m(li)(sh)x_(ti)оԺʷо200129-105-68(y)

[26] Ӣr(sh)ġӛmƽĎׂ(g)ɰf(wn)2004ڣ42(y)

[34]D(zhun)塶h~--mں⡷ČW(xu)ʷϡ19914

[39] [44]Ї(gu)F(xin)܌W(xu)ʷYυRļڶ(c)1982(yng)34-3534(y)

P(gun)~m (gu)ӿ

c(din)x

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