www.日本精品,久久中文视频,中文字幕第一页在线播放,香蕉视频免费网站,老湿机一区午夜精品免费福利,91久久综合精品国产丝袜长腿,欧美日韩视频精品一区二区

ѹӢժ > >

R˹СԼе

l(f)rg:2020-05-22 Դ: c

R˹(Robert E. Lucas)"A(y)"W(xu)ɵĹ,1995õZؐ(jng)W(xu)ίTijJ(rn).ӛúҮڽ1974Zؐr˂,κ֪RֻǾֲЧ,ZؐΣUʹäĿijһNֲЧ֪RĶLEÙ(qun)(xF(xin)xм҂,҂F(xin)֪֪RǙ(qun),"ԒZ"ę(qun)).pϣ(Woody Allen)IJuxW˹񪄵đB(ti).^,Ȼ1995Zؐ(jng)W(xu),Ҳ}l(f)],˽BR˹Ĺ֮C,l(f)]һҌ(jng)W(xu)ڵĻ}Ŀ.

@ƪ·ֳ(ji).һ(ji)CR˹˵Ҫ,@Щַ"","","",„֪ZؐίT"l(f)չ͑(yng)A(y)ڼO(sh),ɴ˸׃˺^(jng)҂(jng)ߵ˽"(<>19951011),(j)ҵ@DZR˹""Ĺ,ֱQ錦P˹x"R˹".ڶ(ji)urR˹"A(y)"W(xu)(jng)W(xu)еĵλ.(ji)ӑՓ(jng)W(xu)Ļ}Լ˽Q@Щ},(jng)W(xu)δ.@(gu)^"е".

һ. P˹^(jng)"R˹"

R˹,1937AʢD,1959֥ӸW(xu)õvʷW(xu)W(xu)ʿ,1964֥ӸW(xu)õ(jng)W(xu)ʿ.1970ڿ(ni)-÷¡W(xu)õšλ,1974֥ӸW(xu)ν.

ҿ,(ni)-÷¡W(xu)ɵ(Herbert Simon,1978@Zؐ(jng)W(xu)),y(tng)ķӰ(jng)߅?q)W(x)^ăλĿǰĽ(jng)W(xu)---R˹,ķɭ(Oliver Williamson, ƶȽ(jng)W(xu)Ҫ).(ni)-÷¡L(fng)"W(xu)Ժ"L(fng),һՓ(yng)(dng)кϽ(jng),,ĬF(xin),˿(ni)-÷¡W(xu)עОW(xu)ͽMՓо.""O(sh)뽛(jng)W(xu),ͬrXбҪ"_"o(jng)׃.ɵăƪՓČR˹ڵокܴӰ,һƪӑՓ_r„ӑB(ti)Ҏ(gu),һƪC(jng)W(xu)еěQՓ(ҊHerbert Simon, "the dynamic programming under uncertainty with a quadratic criterion function." Econometrica 24(1956):74-81;"theories of decision-making in economics." American Economic Review 49(June 1959):253-283.)

R˹ڵо(ʮеʮ)چ΂I(y)͆΂I(y)(yu)ͶY}(ҊR˹,1965,"distributed lags and optimal investment policy"; 1966,"optimal investment with rational expectations", in Lucas and Sargent, eds., London:George Allen & Unwin, 1981),@ڮ(dng)r(ʮ)Ľ(jng)W(xu)ϵ͹W(xu)ԺһҪо,ܵ(jng)W(xu)T,_(Kennith Arrow,һՓc˹һ@1972Zؐ(jng)W(xu)),̽ɭ(Dale Jorgenson, ),Īϸ(Franco Modigliani,1985@Zؐ,ʮڿ(ni)-÷¡ν,KšMIT),(Eugene Fama),ϣ(Zvi Griliches,,ʮν֥ӸW(xu))˹Ƅ.ǂI(lng)Ǒ(yng)(yu)ՓĻS(԰_оȌ(do)).űR˹(dng)rõǷNӑB(ti)Ҏ(gu)ʼKSՓ,"A(y)"W(xu)ɼ"º^(jng)W(xu)"ڰʮĩƳһTvڄӑB(ti)(jng)W(xu)"fƷ"Ĵ^,Щ_ևd(jng)y(tng)LĽ(jng)W(xu)ҵİ(Ҋ Nancy Stoky and Robert Lucas, .W(xu)1989).ұ(ЇƌW(xu)Ժ(sh)W(xu)Tʿ,(yu)ՓI(y),Y),ԲJ(rn)DZӑB(ti)(jng)W(xu)˼ıҪʽ.

΂I(y)(yu)ͶY}ɞ鮔(dng)r^(jng)W(xu)оğc,:(1)P˹ĺ^(jng)ՓJ(rn)ʮ(jng)ΣCa(chn)"Ч",ͶYҪӵ(P˹<ͨՓ>ĻO(sh)֮һ"MT"O(sh),ҲfڿMIJ(x)T׃Ӿ,֮,YͶY׃Ӳӳ˽(jng)ӵ).DŽP˹]ͶYߵĄәC,{ֱXͶYәCֳɃɲ."԰l(f)ͶY",ܵY"ҰF_(animal spirit)"(q)ʹ.ͶY߻ڌЈ̖(׃,r׃,a(chn)ֵLȵ)^ͶYQ҂Q֮"ͶY".SP˹xڑ(zhn)ijɹ,ͶYәCо,Ķ⽛(jng)m(x)Lԭ,Ǒ(zhn)(jng)W(xu)혺Ȼx.Ǯ(dng)(jng)W(xu)҂оͶYcLĸNؕr,ӢČW(xu)g(sh)˼y(tng)֮gl(f)ˇ(yn)ط,ʷQ"ɂ"֮(һӢW(xu),P˹x󱾠I,J(rn)ЈwЇ(yn)ȱݲc䲻ƽP(gun)“(lin);һ,ʡW(xu)Ժ͹W(xu)ڵ,¹ŵ佛(jng)W(xu)󱾠I,ڷ֮ǰ]ʲô̵˼wϵ).ՓĽcYՓ,YՓ,Փ׺漰ͽ(jng)W(xu)ȫI(lng),ʮm(x)ʮ.x߿ԅ(Frank Hahn,(jng))cR˹(R.C.O. Mathews)ľC"(jng)LՓ"("the theory of economic growth: a survey". Economic Journal (December 1964).ϵӑՓ˱R˹ܽĵһ󱳾.(2)ͶYcЈ̖P(gun)ϵ,ǏĹŵ佛(jng)W(xu)Ђ^"ٶԭ"(J(rn)ͶY~هڿL~),ڑ(zhn)ǰĽ(jng)оѽ(jng)y(tng)رJ(rn)"a(chn)^ʣ"ͽ(jng)ڵ.ܺ:(dng)Lr,Փǃr̖,߅H,̖(РՓ),߀ǰpȥ(x)TMʣĿɹͶYĻ,(yng)L,ͶYߞ׷ͶY.˵ͶY,ՄP˹Ľ,M뿂,a(chn)"˔(sh)Ч(yng)"(ʼT³ʼĹo,ǹoͬra(chn)ˌͶƷ,@ڶTµڶӹo,˟o,@ЩһՔ,ôʹһ1Č(sh),ÿһλӵ@o^(chung)µ),ҲMһ˿.@ٵ\ӕһֱM,ֱ(jng)ÛijNYԴ(؛Źo)ƞֹ.һUֹͣ,½,ͶY͕sp,γɷļ\,һֱ(jng)½ijN"׾"ס(YƷȻĴM,F(xin)µЈL).Ȼ_ʼµѭh(hun).@y(tng)^(do),ͶY}ͳ˽(jng)оĺĆ},һ,c(jng)̖IJ_ԽoͶYՓµĆ}.Œ,԰Ɲ(Robert Eisner)׵I(y)ͶYcƏV˵ļٶԭоo˱R˹оܴӰ.(3)ͶY}ĕrgҪʹh(yun)_ևdʮ˵İR.RЪoB(ti)(f)sĄӑB(ti).ԇһεĹ:õһ¹(ji)sXڵһµĵһIˌ‚µڵyдC(bank CD).(yu)Qߑ(yng)(dng)DZ^ƒɼ,,ŗһЩ,ҲһЩ"Ҹ",@"ɱ",㲻ͶY,ԭЩҸ.,ŗҸ,ڵڶ½o㎧һϢ,Ҳ㌢ܵҸ,@"".ěQʹpȥɱijNͶY_(d)ֵ,΄(w)ҵǷN(yu)ͶY.oB(ti),@(yu)DZCδϢõ"߅HЧ"(ϢoһλҸ)ŗߵ"߅HЧ"(ŗһλҸ)ǂ.`,ͨ^ԼărֵДخһM"o"(Լ(dng)ijһĬF(xin)ҸδҸr,ŗµҸQȡһλδҸ,@ܵҸ(yng)ǂoڌ(yng)ڬF(xin)ҸcδҸ̎б,㌢܉ڬF(xin)ҸδҸƽֱ(bio)ϵЮһMÿһc̎б),ȻĿǰеĬF(xin)cδҸһc,Լ,˓QȡϢһλҸ,ԸŗنλĬF(xin)Ҹ?@cȵǂoбغ,ҵһoB(ti)(yu).F(xin)҂@΢׃һ:O(sh)ÿһyеMՏ(f)Ӌ㵽‚?lin)QȡϢ.F(xin)Ć}(f)sĶ,^yеMa(chn)^Ϣ,һ,^yҲ^طŗ͵Ҹ.Ԟ˱^,㑪(yng)(dng)оx첻ͬrgҸijN۬F(xin)NF(xin),ȻͶYʹĬF(xin)ֵӋpȥɱ_(d)ֵ.ԭf,voB(ti)Ȼ@Nr,dz韩.҂ͨʹÄӑB(ti),ֻҪһNF(xin)ֵӋ㹫ʽÿһ헳ɱY(ji)Mȥ,γһ^"F(xin)(net cash flow)".ͶYQ߾@F(xin)ĬF(xin)ֵ.@(^ͶY)dzϤķ.@NĕrgcYՓʹõ(yu)Փһ.@DZR˹ڹĵ󱳾.

fR˹A(y)ڷķ,҂òfһ(yu)ՓҪQĻ}.Ĺ@ʾǘ,^Q,ÿһr,Q˱횲ȡһ"Є",(dng)rg]ĕrڵ_ʼrcr,ҪQһBЄ.҂Q@һBЄӞһ""һ"".Qͨÿr̿Sx,Ǐ@SrϵxԽMϳS෽(ڃɂr̸Ѓɂx,ôԽM4ͬ;r̸x,ôԽM27ͬIJ,ͨ,ԵĔ(sh)ȿɹxЄӶö).(yu)Փо˱Ŀܷҵ(yu)Щ("(yu)"ǃF(xin)ֵ,ǿЧ,κΌӋx"Ŀ(bio)").x߿ܕԞȻ:F(xin)ӋCκΔ(sh)ĿķһһԇЩ(yu)ā.䌍Ȼ.Їڰ˂"Ӌ"һcоĿЇƌW(xu)ԺAW(xu)׵Ďʮ"cԺУ"_l(f)һ"ϵy(tng)O(sh)Ӌܛ",Д(sh)W(xu)҂ŬĿ(bio)֮һnj҃(yu)㷨.(dng)ЇӋίTڰʮԇDӋδʮ(yu)˿ʕr,l(f)F(xin)MӋCh(yun)h(yun)ÁӋ""rcİgֲ˿ڿ^̮a(chn)Ĕ(sh)֮Ŀܷ.@ŒdzҪ,ڵĺҮ˷Ӌ(jng)֮һ@NӋ"".҂ڵ(ji)߀Ҫ,x\ʼKҪc֮y֮һ(""O(sh))f^,]܉ˏ(f)sӋ.

F(xin)ڿԽB"R˹",@""Ĺ(ʮʮ).@ցԱR˹Լ,"Ӌ(jng)ur:һN"("econometric policy evaluation: a critique," in , Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy.(c̎xһ)

North-Holland, 1976).@ƪՓ,˄P˹xDЈ(jng)(dng)һܙC{(dio)(ji)ĺ^(jng).ĬF(xin)ՓǶȿ,R˹^cԼ˼(ҊLucas,1972,"expectations and the neutrality of money",Journal of Economic Theory 4:103-124; 1975,"an equilibrium model of the business cycle",Journal of Political Economy 83:1113-44),Էɂց.,κ߶c˽˲T֮gIJ.pDЌ(yu).˽˲T(dng)ɱӵ"C",ߵĻO(sh)ѽ(jng)e`.(dng)ƶ^ҕc˽˲T֮gIJȕr,ÿһ(؛ߵĸ׃,{(dio),͹Y,_֧ȵ),ѽ(jng)˽˲T(zhn)_A(y)Ҋ,tߵ"؛Ч(yng)"ʧ,픶,Č|(zh)׃,"|(zh)"Є,a(chn)ͬһ˽˲T"|(zh)"ЄһӵĽ(jng)Ч(yng).,؛ߌ"",a(chn)κ|(zh).ؔ_֧|(zh)c˽˲TYԴ,a(chn)^"DЧ(yng)(crowding out effect)",ÿһԪ_֧ЈDȥһԪX˽_֧.Y(ji)_֧HH˽˻X.{֪,׌eԼԼX,ԼԼXĹ(ji)s.κ,Փ؛ŵ߀nj,a(chn)Ч.@ՓC,(jng)򞔵(sh)(j)C,(dng)ȻnjP˹(jng)W(xu)ش,ԷQ"R˹".,Փ횽ጞʲôڑ(zhn)_F(xin)˳m(x)s,ǷcP˹P(gun)ϵ;P(gun)ϵ,Փν.DZR˹ҪM܏"_"Աa(chn)^?quot;@Ӡ"Ч(yng).ʹʲôSC^̷,ֻҪxһԒĹ(J(rn)@DZR˹"uZģ"):ͨ^ԽԒӢZָʾ۵ĹƱ(jng)o(j)IuƱ,֪Ԓ .O(sh)IuɷNƱ,ڹƱЈϵӋC̖aքe15(ĕrIM)50(ĕru).@r (jng)o(j)f,̖15ĹƱͻȻ,ƒɷNO(sh).һ,HϽ(jng)o(j)fǴ̖50ĹƱ.ڶ,fĴ_15̖.㑪(yng)(dng)Ӌ,,Ӌһµ eĿǶ.,eĿԲ,ӋIM15̖ƱĔ(sh),MʹٍX^ e̝pX.,J(rn)@Ԓ eĿஔ(dng)(ӽٷ֮ʮ),x"Є",ȺĽ(jng)o(j)˵ڶ΁Ԓ.(jng)^ͨԒ,㿂J(rn)_Ϣ.R˹X,P˹ڃ(ni)Ч,ǾЈдڴ"Ԓ"ʹ˽ ̖.(dng)(sh)˽ ̖ŗЄӕr,ஔ(dng)cһȫӵęC,Ժ׌"(yu)"_(d)A(y)Ч.Ǯ(dng)˂(f) ȡ̖,KڸDr,Ⱦֻصӵ֮gIJ,Ҳһֽጵr.(zhn)󷱘sĴr,˲"@Ӡ"Ч(yng),횲ʹԼߏ.҂^쵽ؔԼٶ,KyԞ^.@DŽP˹ʽ(jng)ߵĴr.

R˹@Щʹɞ"A(y)"W(xu)ɵҪ.ʹ@W(xu)ɵĹ܉(jng)W(xu)Ątǽ(jng)W(xu)󎟷(Milton Friedman,@1976Zؐ),mȻ"A(y)"ɵČW(xu)߿•QӋ(jng)W(xu)Ľ˹(John Muth,"rational expectations and the theory of price movements". Econometrica 29(6),1961)(q).1968"؛ߵ"("the role of monetary policy". American Economic Review LVIII(1), 1968)ѽ(jng)f˞ʲôP˹x؛ֻԮa(chn)"@Ӡ"Ч(yng)."A(y)"ڷﱻMѩ(Irving Fisher)Ч(yng).MѩͶYՓ掟,A(y)ڌW(xu)fdzu˱WW(xu)ɱo(j)Ĵ,Ųِ(Knut Wicksell)ϢՓ.^"|(zh)"xʜpȥA(y)ڵͨÛ(һB(ti)).ڌP˹\,ֻз˼,,ZԲ@ڽ(jng)W(xu)y(tng)ijЮ(dng).

R˹ڰl(f)"A(y)"ɵͬr,׺RϾ_ʼ""(ʮ)Ĺ.@gՓϵ“(lin)ϵ.,ͶY}ֱӾǽ(jng)LcӵоI(lng)еҪn}.DZR˹ڷP˹؛ߵͬr,ڽ(jng)LcՓչ_"A(y)"˼.S,ĄӑB(ti)Փؐˠ(Gary Becker)P(gun)Yڽ(jng)Lеشõ˼.@,"(jng)l(f)չęC"("mechanics of economic development").@ЩʹR˹ɞ½(jng)l(f)չՓҪ.҂Ԟ,ڵĹʵ.@Щѽ(jng)19951,2,3,4<ňؔ(jng)¿>BdD(zhun)^.

. (jng)W(xu)е"x"\

SR˹һ(ji)չ_,҂(jng)W(xu)һֱ,ҷQ"x"\.,R˹ؕI(xin)ֻ@һNҕ²ſøh(yun),ͬro҂ijNδl(f)չA(y)Ҋ.@һ(ji)@ӵ˼·չ_.

R.RЪڞF(xin)(jng)r]ጬF(xin)Ѓɂ˼·.һMՓ,"︂,m"Ҏ(gu),҂ҪO(sh)""ҲԽጬF(xin)F(xin)."",""O(sh),҂߉݋fF(xin)F(xin).RЪx˺.Ĵ,(jng)_ʼx\.@\ڽ(jng)W(xu)Դ¿ɷA.һAΏRЪ<(jng)W(xu)ԭ>,o(j)ʮֹ(_ևd<(jng)A(ch)>).ڶAΏʮʮĩ,v(jng)ʮ.AΏľʮ_ʼ,߀dδ.

RЪķ^ֲķ҂ҊĹo.ՓעһЈϵľ⼰Ӱ푾ĸN(RЪĂ"T"F(xin)DŽڄӽ(jng)W(xu)Ҫ(ni)).ʲôRЪ˼O(sh)l(f),ͱض(do)Ŀ?@""ضxµ.ԇ(dng)]κxؕr(mȻ@Ǻyr),αF(xin)?(dng)]xr,"","".ٝͬԼO(sh),ǰ˵,x.

(dng)xбF(xin)ԕr,κһTCƌW(xu)Ҫ^쵽@NО.㲻Լڶ},һ˵Оh(yun)y,ǰì,ȫSC,ô^쵽"x"?һh(yun)^첻,ČCǶȿ,Dzf"".һˮ(dng)О_ʼһ,,Ŀĕr,܌W(xu)x_ʼF(xin)"".ӛס,P˹ijɫV҂,RЪHД(sh)W(xu),(jng)"߼܌W(xu)".(dng)r齛(jng)W(xu)Ďλ,õ܌W(xu)B(yng),tDzɰѽ(jng)W(xu)Ĺŵ"܌W(xu)"I(lng)зxDʹ.

^y,?q)C,Ҫ(jng)W(xu)횶ֻо"",ֻ̎ھB(ti)˵ОǷ(wn),űF(xin)"".Ҫӛ,(dng)R(L. Klein,Ӌ(jng)оጄP˹Փ@1980Zؐ)(zhn)ιӋl(f)r(Qknjһ^"׃"gӵث@Ҫ^׃Ϣ),Ć}ڹoSrgƄӶ."(wn)",@҂?ni)Ҫ?҂^X̫g̫,D(zhun)˲ŵĬF(xin)҂ֻܸе.

ǽ(jng)RЪľʼKܵһ,MՓ(zhn).ֱ^F(xin)(jng)ˁf,׃@.L,a(chn)ƷĶӻ,ĸ,˿ڷ,ЈU,Լ(zhn)ķ׃.ܱ(Joseph Schumpeter),Ү(F. Hayek),(F. Knight),,X(Alfred Chandler),Ϳ(Nikolas Kaldor)ȴ(jng)W(xu)ҵu.RЪՓһֱʮĩ,_ևd(䲩ʿՓ)ȫϵy(tng)ظʹ÷Ĕ(sh)W(xu)."ʹ÷",@P(gun)Ҫ,ஔ(dng)"",һĹҪ߸ܳɞҪ.ڽĽ̿ƕ(R˹1990<΢^(jng)W(xu)̳>),_ևdķѽ(jng)"ˆ"ӋC,˂ԲXӾ͵õһзY(ji).@NҪc:ȰһxRĿxĖ|"׃",RIJxһrɸ׃Щ|"".Ȼv^ķҵЧú(sh),ʲôĿ(bio)(sh),ڽoą(@Щͨ^ijN“(lin)ϵs׃ȡֵ),׃(yu)ֵ.@Щ(yu)ֵ"".һC@ЩǷ_ʹĿ(bio)(sh)_(d),Щzl"Al".һ"^oB(ti)",΢׃һ…Ĕ(sh)ֵ,׃.@ҲҪIJE.ֻ@һY(ji)҂ܵõͨ^C^C}._ևd,ȫM˽(jng)ķõZؐ,ͬr,҂Փ,Y(ji)˽(jng)W(xu)x\ӵĵһA.

x\ӵĵڶA,_I(lng)(do)"һ"Փ,ʹɞ鹫J(rn)Ľ(jng)Z(ʹԒp໥ıh(hun)).箔(dng)҂Մ"Ч","(yu)","a(chn)ֵ"Ȇ}r,ѽ(jng)O(sh)һĸ."ԼO(sh)"l(f)չ@һAξcՓ.²(G. Debreu,һՓõ1983Zؐ)Cһ(ЈϵľͬrF(xin))Ĵ,õǿ᲻c.Փм{ʲĴҲõͬһc(ĵȃr).@ߵĺĆ}һӵ:ÿЈϵĹo_(d)ėlهЈϹo_(d)rĠB(ti),ôαCеЈͬr_(d)Եľ?ڲՓ@}׃:ÿ˵(yu)Q߶هО(ĺͷǾ)œy,ôαC˵IJœyͬr_(d)ijN"w"?@}?f)W(xu)IJcQ(Ҋ<ňؔ(jng)¿>1995Bd).һՓx\@һAε,M҂֪ͬr߀"A(y)"W(xu)ɵƄ.

x\ͬr߀I(lng)d:ӑB(ti)(jng)W(xu),,ҪܵYՓо(Լʮʮ,ķϣ(Ramsey)(yu)Փ,̫`(Hotelling)YԴ(yu)Փ)Ƅ;ͥ(jng)W(xu),rgc½xՓ,@,ؐˠ׵оѽ(jng)֪;ڄӽ(jng)W(xu),Ϣģͱ(yu)Փ,˹ٸ(֥ӸW(xu)I(lng),@1982Zؐ);xՓ,ِ"һͨ^"ՓY(ji)"xƱЈ"O(sh),Բ(James Buchanan,@Ĺõ1986Zؐ)I(lng);ؔՓ,ݲض(Charles Tiebout theorem),(c̎xһ)

ˇ(ni)һՓ,LJ@ΈDȃr(Ricardo equivalence theorem)չ_ӑՓ,cR˹ĹP(gun),J(rn)(_֧)ȃr؜p˽_֧,԰_(R. Barro)Ҫ;½(jng)ʷW(xu),J(rn)R"ū`ƶ"ĺԷ,Ը(Robert Fogel)Ͱ(Y. Barzel)˞׵о;g(sh)MՓ,,J(rn)鼼g(sh)cƶMЈҪصϡȱԺЈrT(do)a(chn),Թܺ_(Y. Hayami, and V.W. Ruttan, the school of "induced-institutional change").

@һr,xȻcMՓ˼뿹?fn)?ؐˠ"Оc(jng)Փ"("irrational behavior and economic theory", Journal of Political Economy February 1962).Sˌ(jng)W(xu)"ԼO(sh)"u΢^ăɂҪ---ͥI(y),(TɵȁОW(xu)͹W(xu)о,ܱ،W(xu)<(jng)׃wMՓ>᠖ɭ(Richard Nelson)(Sidney Winter))J(rn)I(y)QߌHϲԵ,Д,Ϣռȵȵ,QҎ(gu)t(x)TLЧĺҎ(gu)t(rule of thomb).ؐˠĻ?f)?(jng)W(xu)ԼO(sh)ֻǹԵ,ֻǼO(sh)"ѽ(jng)^쵽һMО,ôcЩ;NNԭom(x),Ķo^쵽О,@Щ^쵽ОضǿȥԵО".Լͥx,Ѓͥ,һǺyX,SCM;һt΢^(jng),м(x)ӋÿһXЧ.ôǧԺ,(dng)҂^@r,҂߀ܿЩSCMļͥ?oɆяĵʧ.ʧom(yng)h(hun),@_M.Ǟ˷,҂O(sh)ʧ].@N"",Km\ӵĽ(jng)x܌W(xu)Į(David Hume)<Փ>,<Փ>ѽ(jng)_.x߿ԏĮаl(f)F(xin),ߵĸh(yun),J(rn)(j)˿,繷,Ҳ(ҲҪ"m"ܱ^쵽).scؐˠͬr,Ҳl(f)ƪ,"_,M,c(jng)W(xu)",ԏl(f)֥Ӹ,SCx܇·һȺ܇,ՓCcؐˠһӵĵ---ОضȥԵ.

^"ڽ(jng)W(xu)y(tng)"ָĮ́(dng).˹ܰl(f)˵Ľ(jng)x܌W(xu)A(ch)ϵĽ(jng)W(xu)y(tng).@һy(tng),(ni)ڵJ(rn)RՓ,ضǹŵx(ͬڬF(xin)x˼).ܽ(jng)^ˊWW(xu)ɺ֥ӸW(xu)ɵİl(f)չ,ɞx(jng)W(xu).

AǏİʮĩՓ،(jng)W(xu)_ʼ.ӛúҮRKǰһЌ^,Փоһ.P(gun)ڲՓ,xѽ(jng)е,1994격Փҫ@Zؐԁ,„(jng)ħ^s?ǂԶͶCĵĴЈ,@,""RʼK(do)҂׷(xϣ֪еĵ,ԅҌϰl(f)"e,eЈ").Փ,ՓĿǰƌW(xu)оʹõõĹ.

(dng)x\Ӱѽ(jng)W(xu)҂Ϣľʮr,l(f)F(xin)̎Ď׺н(jng)}(yng)(dng)Ե˂֮gMЛQߵĆ}.1978,W(xu)˼I(lng),᠖ؐ(Daniel Bell)͌,V҂,ں󹤘I(y),҂惺һ"c֮gIJ"(Daniel Bell,, Basic Books, 1978).(jng)W(xu)ѽ(jng)ڕr!

R˹(David Kreps),@pIJՓ"ˎ"I(lng),(yng)(dng)ceĬ(Ken Binmore,W(xu)(jng)W(xu),ՓA(ch)о),ɞJ(rn)RՓڵĻ}ČW(xu).̫,@ﲻһһг,x߿ԅ:R˹,<Փc(jng)ģ>(,Oxford University Press,1990),eĬ,<Փcs>(,MIT Press,1994,һ).ڲՓо,ZؐίTǺ̫ĽܳؕI(xin)(Rober Aumann, John Shapley, Herbert Scarf, Martin Shubik,...).Œֻм{ʲ(John Nash)ǷNŵ(ߏ)_ԵĹ(ЩHHǹPӛ)ʹ(dng)֮o@I(lng)(q).돊{(dio),x(John Harsanyi)κ͵܌W(xu)P(gun),ʹɞѲՓ(yng)}о(q).

҂,ZؐίT1995Ī헽o˱R˹""Ĺ,x\ӵďVxϿ,@ֻ1994격ՓõZؐ.

. е---ԵĘO

@ƪஔ(dng)LuՓµĽY(ji)Z,댦(jng)W(xu)x\һur.,ڵĽ(jng)W(xu)҂,^Į_(chung)Ľ(jng)܌W(xu)y(tng)(ԼյCx),""O(sh)һN""չһNO˵ľ.ؐˠڵ½(jng)Lģ͞(Ҋ<ňؔ(jng)¿>1995ϰBd),ؐˠģ,һLڛQߕrʹõ^"Чú(sh)(dynastic utility)".҂,ؐˠ(j)ͬӵ,MՓr---Щ܉҂^쵽ļ""һǿȥԵ,݅݅Чú(sh)ļ.Ǯ(dng)҂ڲՓԇDؐˠ^cr,҂韩.

R˹eĬԔ(x)ӑՓ˼{ʲx,ĽY(ji)Փ,ǰ݅(R. Aumann)Ŀһ,Ȼ:^""ֻ^ǴҶJ(rn)@Ȼ,ΑһN惺.ôʲôԭʹҶJ(rn)@ͬһN惺"@Ȼ"?R˹<΢^(jng)W(xu)̳>(A Course in Microeconomic Theory>, Princeton University Press, 1990)410-417eN.,@ЩKه˂֪Ry(tng).@ԼоQ"֪RY(ji)(gu)".

eһf,"Փ"(Ҋǰ<ňؔ(jng)¿>),ɂ֪οԽoĺ̎,?ni)Ȼx""IJ,{ʲ.ÿһ˵^̶ǟoԵ:x"",ҵʲô?ұضҲx"".(j)ʲôxcҺ?ضҌx"".ʲôҌx""""?ضJ(rn)x"".(j)ʲôҌx""?ضJ(rn)ҌҌx""....?,Ÿo޶"".x܉@o޵^̆?Hx,BD(R. Selten,1994Zؐ)ҲJ(rn)Բ@ôo޵΄(w).ô҂?ni)Όؐˠǂxqo?ؐˠ(ԼR˹)xģ,˵ֻҪӋobh(yun)Čijɱc.@ؐˠͰՓCĹcM̭^̵ȃrĵǿԽܵ.Ǯ(dng)҂оĿc֮gIJȕr,ص׵ԼO(sh)Ҫȸğo.һNo޵"ɼ,˼"ķ(f)^.҂ؐˠͰʵՓCf:Щڵ,^쵽О,һǾ,ȥһԵĽY(ji).ô҂͵ȡ˲ՓоĿ.dž?ՓW(xu)҂P(gun)ĵSܵľ,˂ͣЩB(ti).҂ĿҪҵГ(j)ųһЩܵľB(ti),J(rn)һЩܳF(xin)ľB(ti).҂ȫo"ǴڵıǺ"@ڸʽՓC.Y(ji)Փ:"ؐˠ-qo"ڽ(jng)W(xu)x\ӵIJՓAȫoЧ.

F(xin)׌҂վһԽ(jng)W(xu)ČӴ΁@(jng)W(xu)x.ھSҲСMĺ˹أRյĕr,܌W(xu)֪RՓČW(xu)߾ѽ(jng)ǂx^ʹIJՓ^"֪ͬR(common knowledge)".ùW(xu)Y܌W(xu)ҿ(W.V. Quine, , Harvard University Press,1992)g(sh)Z,(dng)J(rn)"֪"ĕr,֪ij.(dng)J(rn)"֪֪"ĕr,ѽ(jng)_J(rn)"֪"@.^"֪R"Kʾ@,K(P)=֪,K(K(P))ʾ֪֪.ՓCf:K(K(K(P)))=K(K(P)).QԒf,҂]бҪoFf"֪֪֪...",Ҳf,҂fɴ"֪"ǵ_(d)һ"c",Ǿ.

DzгF(xin)Ć}؏(f)fٴ"֪֪",؏(f)"֪֪".@ǽ(jng)W(xu)xy.ìF(xin)W(xu)(chung)˺(E. Husserl)g(sh)Z,@"wg(intersubjectivity)",ָQһ֪R(dng)J(rn)_r,ǷeҲJ(rn)_.҂֪@}ҲǾSҲСM܌W(xu)ҠՓĽc.ֻͨ^F(xin)܌W(xu)ĬF(xin)W(xu)T(纣¸񠖺_)Ŭ,"wg"ȱʧa(chn)"F(xin)ΣC",ųˮ(dng)˼P(gun)ĵĺĆ}.

һ,W(xu)W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼ˿׵(Augustu Comte)¿˺ķ(Emile Durkheim),‡W(xu)ɵĄ(chung)ʼf,W(xu)Ҳ,ѽ(jng)ҸܵMF(xin)rǷN"A(ch)߽"ʧđB(ti).ʲô|A(ch)߽?ʲôһĻA(ch)?@Щ}W(xu)󎟂о}(ͬx߿ɅҊJonathan Turner,,5th ed.,Wadsworth Publishing,1991).˼҂˼õY(ji)Փ:֪Rķ,ÿ(ڷֹ͌I(y))ռc˲֪ͬR,@˂rֵ^ķҰMһ߽ĵ¹R.҂ɭпؿ֪Rľֲ(W(xu)cW(xu)Clifford Geertz,,Basic Books, 1983)㌏FěQǶô.ŒĴҲһ,֪RY(ji)(gu)ʹֲxĽǶ(wɫ,šI(y),,ȵ)ԭ(yng)(dng)ձxķµķ.@҂ΣC.

׌ҿY(ji)һ.҂ķǽ(jng)W(xu)I(lng)оõ@ӵӡ:({ʲ)һȺ˵ԽM""ĻA(ch),ô@A(ch)ǽڹ֪R.@֪Rڷ܌W(xu)н"wg",Փн"¹R",ںҮ˿"y(tng)",Լон"֪RY(ji)(gu)".Փ,@һN"ҹ֪RĂy(tng)",ʹ˂Sܵľһ۾ͿЩ"@"惺.ҵxо,ĿǰՓֻ˵F(xin)@}R˵.eĬ,R˹,ͽB(Andrew Schotter,,Cambridge University Press,1981).˽Q@},(jng)W(xu)횽Y(ji)ǷN"ۇx"B(ti),̓ǽ(jng)W(xu)ҌW(xu)(x),˽҂(jng)W(xu)ʹõ""ĺx,˽"x"x.҂؏^_ʼ,ǽ(jng)W(xu)ČW(xu)߂ѽ(jng)҂ṩǰԵ˼,҂һֱԁĆ}"ҕҊ",ҲS҂ԼČW(xu)g(sh)ΣCδR?

Ŀǰ,ɲՓ،(jng)W(xu)x\ڷdδ,Ҳox߽Y(ji)ՓԵĽY(ji)Փ.ҵµĽY(ji)ՓֻǹҌ(jng)W(xu)x\ӵĬF(xin).@Nеķǰѽ(jng)W(xu)Km˼_(chung)Ĺŵxy(tng)ȥ.ϣҵ"е"ཛ(jng)W(xu)һǽ(jng)W(xu)ČW(xu)ߵdȤ,(jng)W(xu)δ˼.

P(gun)~

cx

(qun) ѹӢժ www.newchangjing.com