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ՓЇ(gu)(dng)򄡆Եcؽ19492000ꑑĻ֮zӑ

l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-08 (li)Դ: жH c(din)

һ ɣһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷ΄(w)

Ї(gu)ꑮ(dng)򄡾׃ľ(xin)ĻһԒ(hu)(li)Ǿǣ򄡆ԵcؽԻ֮F(xin)ԵĚȱcޏ(f)

ɡ_(d)Enlightenment顰򡱵ĵăr(ji)ֵ^nj(du)ˡ֮(yn)ԵijJ(rn)cڴ˵Č(du)׷Ї(gu)vʷmȻ^(gu)ǘӴҎ(gu)ģĆx˼\(yn)(dng)ЏVx[һR(sh)ġɡl(f)ɡȥɱΡ֮Փtc֮ͨġ_(ki)ǡ֮f(shu)ҿ(li)Փɡз(du)˼ū׃?ni)ھϵB(ti)˼ڬF(xin)ձ鱻飺˵˼뾫ķԵڰнų(li)ı`ġB(ti)½ų(li)ʹ֮낀(g)(gu)@һNCĬF(xin)ˡɞF(xin)֮(gu)ɞF(xin)(gu)еČW(xu)ָģ20o(j)(hu)ƌW(xu)f(shu)ġF(xin)dž˼f(shu)ġԑ(yng)(li)„(w)ǬF(xin)ԵĻA(ch)[1]Ї(gu)19o(j)ĩ~~_(ki)F(xin)IJ֮r(sh)ɵĚvʷ΄(w)(li)?yn)顰˵ĬF(xin)׮(dng)_ġ@һ(g)ܻرҲ@^(gu)Ěvʷ΄(w)ҲcһČW(xu)ˇg(sh)(dng)Ǒ“(lin)ϵʮеһ(g)(wn)}R˼xYxģYa(chn)A(j)Ƅ(dng)ĬF(xin)F(xin)ڡˡ˵ġ񡱆(wn)}ҲYx(hu)(du)Ƅ(dng)^(gu)YxġɡĻr(ji)ֵs^кͰl(f)չR˼xڽQ˵ġ(wn)}r(sh)^Сl(f)չxȡ֮t(hu)NNΆɡάF(xin)ԡ(li)Σѽ(jng)Ŀ֪꡶a(chn)hԡһ(g)Ҫ^c(din)ãǴA(j)A(j)(du)Ya(chn)A(j)f(hu)@һ(g)“(lin)wÿ(g)˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[2]@ǡǡf(shu)R˼xcF(xin)R(sh)һ

Ї(gu)ǰF(xin)(hu)ķNNأǾЃǧy(tng)Č(zhun)xʹɱ`xΡČ(xi)ɱ(do)^ɡԵȏ(f)sF(xin)˰ѡġcĸɻһՄĶ񶨆f(shu)ѽ(jng)^(gu)r(sh)䌍(sh)Ї(gu)r(li)džֱl(f)ǡǡdžʧĽY(ji)ĸ@ӷF(xin)(li)¼ȫcԱYġ60Ї(gu)ꑵġ^m(x)ġ޷ޡĸɵĞ(zi)yf(shu)ˆɵʧ@ڑҲ@F(xin)򄡵ġˌW(xu)λȡˡăr(ji)ֵ(yn)ζ(zhng)͛](mi)Ǻƽl(f)չr(sh)SƷsM(mn)˸͑(zhn)(zhng)ġˎζһζ׷ǷNֻڡ(zhng)вſеĘO˵Ե˼Sͱ_(d)ʽֲc˵О鷽ʽˇg(sh)F(xin)бϷȵȡ

ĵf(shu)(hu)x(yng)YxІԺͬF(xin)R(sh)Ěvʷ΄(w)(yng)ǽQYx](mi)ܽQĽ(jng)(j)ĻԼ(hu)˼˵ĸF(xin)(wn)}١Yxδ֮ɡȻvʷsŒ(sh)һl۵·Ї(gu)@ӵδ(jng)^(gu)F(xin)I(y)O(sh)xȱλ(gu)ԡаӱ@ӵⷽʽҲ](mi)܉ԽYxĬF(xin)Զ(gu)(hu)F(xin)֮·f(shu)1949֮ǰxgcF(xin)߀ijNدBԒ(hu)ָЕr(sh)ñֶΞF(xin)_(ki)ٵ·ô1949֮ġ(hu)xȡˡF(xin)@NدB㲻ЩA(j)(zhng)^m(x)Β쎛o(w)a(chn)A(j)όӽĻI(lng)?q)ȫ?zhun)ȵ\(yn)ֻ↢ĨF(xin)R(sh)(zhun)cҲȫxR˼xijĶҲͶһЄ(chung)ԵĬF(xin)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)C(j)@Ǯ(dng)ʷϛ](mi)ܳF(xin)1949֮ǰF(xin)^(gu)đ򄡴Һ͑򄡽(jng)ĸԭخmȻ90Ҳò꡷ճԭҰˡǘӵļʧɵ B(ti)ʹ䄓(chung)쾫ήsˡֱŸֱꐆʧήsʹ࣬f(shu)ˡ`̫ࡱʹȦȦ߅M(mn)XRxôXD(zhun)(dng)(li)ء@ӵԒ(hu)Ҍ(du)|ָ؟(z)ָ؟(z)Ҫ܃ɹܣԽ(xi)Խ(jin)λˡwƱʾ(qing)ҵIJM(mn)[3]@cˇg(sh)wRKԡ̫ܵwˇ](mi)ϣһ(g)˼nj(du)ˇg(sh)οRһNԭh(hun)ķ˼

ؕС^m(x)з˼ɡһ؄e(qing){(dio)ˡҪȺҪ@ӵČ(du)ɵĹR(sh)ǂ(g)˙(qun)I(lng)¾͑(yng)ԓЂ(g)I(lng)¾ҪQ^(gu)(li)׌(g)˰ѳȺ(qun)ַ@һc(din)͕(hu)yӡ[4]ՓˆЇ(gu)yӡҪ֮̎Ҳֵس˶(li)ҡɡԼЇ(gu)ʽġF(xin)˵Ć(wn)}(du)҂ĆɵҕǻЇ(gu)ČW(xu)͑򄡵ĬF(xin)vHІl(f)҂RŒ(sh)ǣ?jin)һ?chng)F(xin)_(ki)ٵ·˼Ļ\(yn)(dng)ڮ(dng)Ї(gu)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷ΄(w)

1949֮Ї(gu)o(w)Փ(jng)(j)ΡĻҲo(w)Փ(hu)˼һЩ܏(f)s׃@һ󱳾֮ČW(xu)͑m(x)߀ԁ(li)ĬF(xin)·@һ(wn)}Ͻ(jng)vSۺͷ(f)ڡ^m(x)̖(ho)£ĸČ(xi)↢ԣl(f)չĸǘӳطF(xin)ɣ
1978굽(g)80wƃ(ni)޶۵ġ˼š\(yn)(dng)Ƅ(dng)ԛ_ijЩ˼`ؽʹЇ(gu)ϬF(xin)֮·
@(dng)н(jng)v˰낀(g)o(j)SεĚvʷD(zhun)ԵġʧcácؽĆ(wn)}㎧в̵Ľ(jng)(yn)ͽӖ(xn)@(du)21o(j)(li)f(shu)Ǻֵ҂(li)ԿY(ji)͙zӑ

(dng)ʮ꣺?jin)Եcؽ

19491966(x)Q(chng)ʮꡱ@һAΑ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)۶΢׃ڇ(gu)hČ(zhun)c˂Ȼذй(qun)ĽҕЇ(gu)^ĽY(ji)@һ(li)Ԓ(hu)DŮ1953СڽY(ji)顷1952cɃ1950ɩļޡ1951һ(li)еR(sh)cx“(lin)ϵ@N“(lin)ϵc(du)(qun)ğힾooһ(qun)֮‹DŮõšġʹԼһDŮеŮ˹ݲ˺l(wi)(g)ɵĻA(ch)@һc(din)(li)cġɾͨȻ(wn)}(dng)˄}?q)Ⱥ֮wƟo(w)lؿ϶͸힕r(sh)ݲHf(shu)ˡҏ(qing){(dio)f(shu)LJ(gu)ҵԡ(gu)ҡx硰(g)ԡķԵķNӡġ횜ϡ1951ijF(xin)Hеx˄(xi)׌˾סh(hun)ĸc(du)ĸм֮飬mȻӺ(xi)ˡĹּӽ[ĸ(do)ݺ֮һ݆Tı50Z(dng)һr(sh)Hܺu(png)KԸȺ֮ٲߣ{(dio)ģ醢ҪxġȺ(qun)硱ҕ˺ʮ깩ٷεġ힄֮L(fng)ɴ˶ʼЇ(gu)F(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ȱ_(ki)ʼ@¶(li)(dng)P(yng)(g)Եĕr(sh)򣬡(g)ˏСš(li)s䵽˲Ƽsć(gu)ҙ(qun)һԪ֮(yng)ԓf(shu)@xϵć(gu)ңǡtotalitarianismֱgǡwxJ(rn)һ(g)ߟo(w)ϵwʹ@(g)ɵġw(qun)ͽoO(qun)x͂΂(g)xĽY(ji)ṩһNgڌ(do)׷(g)ԽʼO˵؉ւ(g)ԽK@ӵһNɵı[5]@Nɵıʹ׃ˡ׃ˡ1949ԺSη(w)ġ힄hI(lng)䣩䆢cF(xin)R(sh)@(g)ɵı߉݋(xin)ʧڡSM(jn)ǘӵġwxM͉Hˡ(yn)ʧMB˵Ļ(qun)Z(du)҂đ򄡅sֻһζظ֮

^ġx˼ԡB(nio)ֽˡĞ锵(sh)^ķNʲôСķN͎зѡȳ򡱵Ćζ19561957ϰ꣬ڇ(gu)H(gu)(ni)˼볱c΄(sh)£Kʮ󡱵_(ki)(du)˹ֵc˼ĻϵġcF(xin)R(sh)Ї(gu)̧^F(xin)^(gu)һꇶ̕ĺ˼֮L(fng)ο½đ򄡄(chung)ģʽ⵽|(zh)һλָ(yng)ԓͻеġNġ(g)ӡ˄M(jn)˼ͱ˼Ķ(zhng)
r(nng)񄡱ͲĶ(zhng)
(du)܊c˵܊¶(zhng)(chung)挍(sh)(dng)ġķN(li)[6]@Ȼ@ں􆾑򄡻صˌW(xu)λρ(li)F(xin)˵c(g)ԡB(nio)ֽˡͬʹࡷȄQwF(xin)@ӵҪ@r(sh)Hٰь(du)׷c(du)(qun)ĸ“(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)ɡ(g)ܵijNԵijNŤе|ˬF(xin)(sh)һ(g)ѴڵδJ(rn)֪Ć(wn)}˴µ̖(ho)硰w(hu)xhI(lng)(do)֮(li)`еąsꐸ󐺵ķ⽨֮˽񡶲B(nio)ֽˡǂ(g)F(tun)֧ίغãM(mn)ڡM(jn)Ԓ(hu)Z(y)ёͯҕ˽ֱ؄Z(g)˵еŮ˹ͯһλԸ(i)ɵr(nng)Ůϲg˂顰B(nio)غò(zhn)cЩϲgcĻ(dng)P(gun)ԼҵġzB(nio)֮\@ȻB(nio)ڡ•r(sh)sˡφ(wn)}ײPµ҇(gu)ġr(sh)׷(g)Խŵǘ[Ó_ijN`DŽHxѲ֮ġB(nio)Ҫ@ǡġr(sh)wF(xin)֮F(xin)ġײx50٬F(xin)ʲR(sh)ΑB(ti)͘Oˇu(png)ڮ(dng)r(sh)⵽˼1962ڷӳόӶ̕_(ki)͡׌ߡġVݕ(hu)hϴ˄ƽͬйˌʮȫ(hu)A(j)(zhng)̖(ho)SB(nio)ֽˡһ(hu)񶨡һ(hu)ƽٝP(yng)f(shu)(dng)򄡆cF(xin)R(sh)Ļc1957ꡰɡ(zhng)֮󣬴˷Nɾ񡰷ࡰĸtһMʹЇ(gu)˵ľB(ti)M(jn)µġo(j)

ɡ(zhng)֮ڇ(gu)H(zhn)֮ҲP(gun)ڡ(gu)Ha(chn)x\(yn)(dng)·(xin)Փ(zhn)(sh)|(zh)ǘOļM(jn)x(du)R˼x(du)F(xin)Ե˼c̽Ї(gu)ġ޷ޡ\(yn)(dng)ֽС^m(x)ҪʹĻաɵı߉݋ĸЇ(gu)򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)Ѹήs⣬֮ˌW(xu)(ni)ݱ˵ɡ(g)ȫħ(g)x顰f(wn)֮Դ˼ĻġC͡족ʹ֪R(sh)Aӝ܊ŤĻr(ji)ֵ^ʹˇƷă(ni)u(png)еĘ(bio)(zhn)ֻܷĘO(qun)֘O޷ޡμM(jn)(sh)ݛՓĻ(do)(qing)ƼsЇ(gu)(dng)򄡵B(ti)֮ͬF(xin)Tյġ挍(sh)ˡ_(ti)ʧ֮P(yng)ν̗lһܼľżһĘVġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ(gu)˼19561957gγɵ(c(din)̎xһ(y))

֮1958ʬF(xin)_(ti)ϣԭġǰ힄·Ҵ(g)fr(sh)ıo(h)߄t˼o(j)Ļ˵ęC(j)(hu)1957֮ͬᣬСtԺһ(li)ͬh߀Сʮˮ(k)ٮ(dng)r(sh)Ļh(hun)¸힡SM(jn)څr(sh)(yng)֮ҵĴ󔡹P߿ܛ](mi)A(y)ϵSM(jn)(hu)oЇ(gu)(li)޴Ğ(zi)yĄsֻǮ(dng)ʧӛ1960һA(j)(zhng)޷ޡ򣨰Ԓ(hu)͑НġάF(xin)ԡ¶fڄ(chung)̖(ho)Q(chng)ǡ(hu)xF(xin)(sh)x򡰸F(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡ(sh)Hϴ󶼿ɷQ(chng)֮顰(hu)ŵx֮(du)ˇg(sh)ֶΣZ(y)ԡY(ji)(gu)̮(hu)ȣF(xin)(li)AM(jn)(sh)tꐸľ(ni)(dng)r(sh)L(fng)һr(sh)ġǧf(wn)ҪӛһS֮ɎXȄٴ(li)(g)e硶޺µڱ@ӵđmȻַһI^(qing)挍(sh)wÓA(j)(zhng)Ӗ(xn)]·(sh)ڴhݣ1963ͬr(sh)15҄Ժ@ӵđҲע˻[@ķɡF(xin)ľأΨɷǂ(g)ԡ硰ū`x֮(li)ġr(sh)ڳM(mn)ɾġ˵đ򄡡׃˷ɡǂ(g)Ե^򄡡򄡡ǰ50^򄡡˵đ򄡡c򄡡һ֮(ni)ǰߵՓA(ch)džxġˌW(xu)ߵՓA(ch)tǡA(j)(zhng)ġΡΘ(bio)(zhn)Еr(sh)ֻ^(gu)һ(g)ˡˡS(ni)ֻvȺ򡱟o(w)ҕ򡱵η̖(ho)ˣS¶Ǵ񡱵̖(ho)ɵ

19661976̖(ho)Q(chng)ĸʮꡱ䌍(sh)ĸľvϿ196312c6ëɖ|P(gun)ˇҪǑ򄡣(wn)}ăɴΎаl(f)(dng)ĸʾ¿1978֪R(sh)˼š\(yn)(dng)֮r(sh)@cP(gun)ϵʮҲǑ򄡵ĆһF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱʮ@һ(g)ԷQ(chng)֮顰o(j)ĺڰr(sh)ڣҲ̎ڷǷ?tng)B(ti)dzM(mn)(dng)W(xu)̗lcxġӰĸⲿF(xin)ΑB(ti)ϾijЩ(li)h(li)F(xin)䌍(sh)|(zh)ǷF(xin)ġӰ򡱱ϿҲijNF(xin)ԡ䌍(sh)@һNЇ(gu)vʷĻԴġάF(xin)ԡ(dng)Ї(gu)⽨(hu)ġǰF(xin)ĻF(xin)Ļ(zhn)r(sh)(zhun)ƽy(tng)(yng)(yng)ĵһ(g)ĻԱnjĻM(jn)ЄxcֽϾ֮|(zh)֮@ǡЌW(xu)wW(xu)á֮B֮ҪxˇϵġáҲcͨ١ӰǴһĻ·(xin)Įa(chn)㿴|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)Ҳf(shu)Ǹ߶ȡġğⲼЧ(dng)Ȼx_(ki)F(xin)Ƽ
ķbO(sh)Ӌ(j)ҲǰլF(xin)(xi)(sh)xҪģ
(l)Ǵđ푘(l)Dгһ(g)ꂥķՇ@̖(ho)Q(chng)֡F(xin)đ򄡣侫(ni)s϶һЩ⽨(zhun)xϵf|T(mn)y^Ѫy(tng)ՓhԼӢ۳(g)ŵȵǡŵġǡF(xin)ġҪһZ(y)ƹŵx(ni)Ԓ(hu)҂(li)F(xin)һ؞F(xin)ŵxΌ(zhun)ƵľͬķNNģʽ͗lҎ(gu)^(gu)ǣÁ(li)ƺ͉˵Ļܵľ@Щ|Q(hu)F(xin)κɛQ죬ֻһN(qing)˵[7]@Ӱ򡱾Ϳų↢ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)Tµ˺˵\(yn)֮F(xin)Äe˵Ʒ(li)ľ@ľҲԭˌW(xu)(ni)ݲ౻ե^(gu)̡԰ռ_(ti)һ(g)(g)ȫӢ](mi)Ђ(g)ԣyR(sh)Ԅe](mi)顰ˡ挍(sh)(dng)Ǟ͏(qing)ijNO(sh)Ӌ(j)(li)ġ̖(ho)ͽf(shu)ǡһƬƬ~N(li)Ĵ[8]挦(du)񡱣^ʧȥˑpġ顱(dng)Ȼ(hu)СɛQ족ˇg(sh)ڽʽӖ(xn)]^ZˡԼ˼ľg

19771989@ʮڌ(du)ĸķ˼c(dng)ڸĸ_(ki)ŵĴ(sh)Ҳٴӭ(li)Ļ(zhn)򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)u(f)K(f)M(jn)ؽ@ڄ(chung)(sh)`Փu(png)оͻF(xin)1949֮ʧ˵đ򄡵ġˌW(xu)λ@һr(sh)ڵ´_˵ɡŞđ򄡾uߓP(yng)M@NߓP(yng)ʮDy۵ġڲͬ˵Ŀ񶨡ĸĺxǸͬһ_(ki)ʼّMǽˎ͡^(gu)Ǟ顰ϸɲ(zhng)ڡĸʧȥ(qun)΃A˼Sʽˇg(sh)߀һf(shu)߀ǡʮꡱ͡ĸһʹ1978F(xin)ġڟo(w)•̎⡷Vɽ@Щ^õĄҲ߀ͣڡˎ͡ζ(zhng)ČϵġȻ1979S˼\(yn)(dng)l(f)һ(g)D(zhun)ۣһđӳF(xin)(sh)J|(hu)(wn)}Һ􆾸ĸ_(ki)ŵđ򄡳F(xin)ˣ硶ġ(bo)(qun)cδ(li)نȾȡ@ЩM(mn)оđһ߶ꡰ힄fL(fng)@r(sh)Ї(gu)֪R(sh)_(ki)ʼˏӵĻr(ji)ֵ^Ϗص׷񶨡ĸ˼³֮ܰ^˼ľgǡġɳ~µȾǽ¶(dng)r(sh)ʹ޵ġߺT(mn)IJ֮L(fng)(sh)H|˼(qun)y(tng)¡١c񡱵ìҲ(qun)o(w)O(jin)ľ޴Σ@һeyʮеΆ(wn)}@һ(wn)}˽30Ľ͸@F(xin)(sh)ԺͼJˣԓϺݳ޴һڏV^Юa(chn)QһҲA؄(sh)Ǚ(qun)(sh)ߣIJM(mn)@֣όӡP(gun)עӑՓMڂ(g)eߌ_(ki)@ӑՓˇ\(yn)(dng)ǘˣY(ji)@һF(xin)(sh)r(sh)ԘO(qing)ĺÑ߀DZ׃ؽͬr(sh)߀Ӱ̫(yng)ˡӰČW(xu)С١߰ט壩ͬҲ?yn)چcF(xin)R(sh)|F(xin)(sh)͕r(sh)(wn)}ɵθʹ򄡱F(xin)˵ľ׷JpʻS֮(sh)đ1980Ѹ롰

Ȼ80ĻB(ti)(sh)cͬȻЇ(gu)F(xin)IJѽ(jng)ֹͣô֧@һ˜I(y)֮Ļr(ji)ֵĆcF(xin)R(sh)Ͳر19801989Ї(gu)򄡾һlػ̽ǰM(jn)Ć֮·ڑ򄡵ľָČ(du)(qun)(hu)F(xin)(sh)ìܵĽ¶c(du)һз˵F(xin)У(du)vʷĻ׷(wn)c˼g؞(du)Ժ˵`̽c(wn)ڄ(chung)cF(xin)ֶη棬Ҳ(jng)vˏĔPάF(xin)(sh)x֏(f)F(xin)(sh)xy(tng)W(xu)(x)bF(xin)x^(gu)̣еđ򄡼Ұѽby(tng)cW(xu)(x)“(lin)ϵ(li)(yng)ԓf(shu)@ʮǑ֮cF(xin)R(sh)ؽcޏ(f)Ķʹđ򄡾õߓP(yng)ʮ꣬ҲǸڌ(du)ʮꡱ͡ĸf(shu)ʮ@һr(sh)(du)L(zhng)ڽy(tng)ĉxΌ(sh)xA̗lx֧εfđģʽǰἰġr(nng)򄡵NԼߴȫӢģʽȣM(jn)ҵķ񶨺С@N񶨺5060ҲF(xin)^(gu)΢̕ѸR(sh)ΑB(ti)ȥ80@һs˸ĸ_(ki)֮(sh)ˡᄞ顰˼m؄(sh)Ɖģ^Ⱦ(du)Ya(chn)A(j)ɻKƱǰM(jn)Փ̈́(chung)(sh)`ϸ׃Ї(gu)(dng)򄡰l(f)չڅ(sh)ʹ򄡵˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰU(ku)Щ(yu)ㄡ|(zh)⚤c(ni)϶–|wF(xin)̎˼֮еЇ(gu)ǷNeO_(ki)šP(yng)ϵľB(ti)ֻ@r(sh)򄡲ŕ(hu)@ĬF(xin)ԣųˡľ֮(sh)F(xin)ˡھI(lng)ƽȡ(du)Ԓ(hu)ǰᵽġġ֮Сͬ?jin)ƣ?ch)վн\ƣɣ(sh)ƺo(j)¡ӶƽԒ(hu)Լܲcޡꐁȣz¡꣩ɽšκC80򄡌(du)cF(xin)R(sh)ؽcޏ(f)Ҳֻ@ӵ˼ŵ΄(sh)܌(sh)F(xin)(du)y(tng)ĿƌW(xu)оc(du)侫AİգһλĻġL(zhng)ݡĵͤ@f(shu)ȱcF(xin)R(sh)ͲJ(rn)R(sh)y(tng)Ļr(ji)ֵ֮ڰF(xin)ʷ@ʮ׷ġġxʮشf(shu)С̱xҲ^(gu)

19902000@20o(j)ʮ꣬һ(g)cF(xin)R(sh)һΏġ𡱵ĕr(sh)˾šL(fng)OӰЇ(gu)˵ľB(ti)ѽ(jng)˵ĘO󽩻(sh)؁(li)㡰ĸM(jn)㣨(x)TZ(y)ͽС㡱DáL(fng)(li)ęC(j)(hu)񶨸ĸ_(ki)ŵľ޴ɾЇ(gu)ص·ȥ[9]mȻl(shu)ҲŤD(zhun)Ї(gu)F(xin)Ĵ(sh)cF(xin)R(sh)һܵش1989°1991^Ya(chn)A(j)ɻ\(yn)(dng)ɡУ^(gu)cʮꡱĸͬ˴λسǡܛԡġθĸĜcЈ(chng)(jng)(j)ĻM(jn)ʹ(g)(hu)|(zh)ƽӹڑό(do)µĽY(ji)ǰǘӏ(qing)ӲA(y)cֱӵ؞η(w)ҪǑ򄡾ήsⲿF(xin)̓cƽӹ|(zh)⚤֮ʢw(ni)֮˥Ҳf(shu)Ļ֮ʢǡǾ֮˥ıؑ^ʢ¡S÷򡶻ŮˡԒ(hu)wϹƒ@һ(li)Z(dng)һr(sh)^@һF(xin)Ĵ(zhun)¡☋(gu)ɵЇ(gu)F(xin)xcW(xu)ɳ˄(sh)(li)(du)@ЩOF(xin)ƲӰµ_(ti)Ͱl(f)@һr(sh)f(shu)O˼̧^c؄(sh)ġff(shu)һ(g)ƽӹr(sh)֮ˇg(sh)̈́(chung)ؚp˄tǡ桱|(zh)⚤{(dio)٩tɫ(jng)䡱o(w)@һЌ(du)ؽ辫ɺ͸߶Ȅ(chung)đ򄡁(li)f(shu)ǘO鲻һ(g)ֻX(qin)͡(qun)](mi)ˆɵ󡢉(mng)Ԋ(sh)(hu)ô(hu)кõđ90MҲF(xin)^(gu)ٔ(sh)^õđԒ(hu)t¡(chng)ccϡԼС(chng)򄡡˼ȣwf(shu)(li)@һ(g)򄡾ήs_(ti)̓ٷsĕr(sh)wƃ(ni)ķNNu(png)(jing)ͅRݻ(dng)(du)򄡵Ͱl(f)չf(shu)ٟo(w)һeܿ׃b(j)ֶ(dng)ֻX(qin)㡰̑򡱣ʹ򄡵Ą(chung)u(png)r(ji)ʧȥ˽ČȤ򄡵ĆcF(xin)R(sh)߀۵m(x)Ҧh(yun)һ(li)Ԓ(hu)m(do)԰bAġ^x\ߑ˼еĆɾ߀EɌ

Į(dng)򄡵Ļ☋(gu)ɡߵăɂ(g)`^(q)

bڌ(du)θˇF(xin)(li)Ļ(zhun)xď(qing)ҲM(mn)ĸ֮ˡȥλ☋(gu)ɡĿ̖(ho)@N^c(din)˃ɂ(g)`^(q)һcɻһՄ
\y(tng)طˇ(du)֮ӰˇW(xu)ʽa(chn)Ľá

@ȁ(li)һ(g)(wn)}cmȻе“(lin)ϵȫһ(g)ϵ\(yn)(dng)Еr(sh)ܕ(hu)׃\(yn)(dng)ɵĮʧ(do)¸
\(yn)(dng)Еr(sh)Ҳ(hu)ɵďԳȻȫġeOxģֻһ(g)ȣˡԡ΄tȻЃ(li)cؓ(f)ģ(c(din)̎xһ(y))

eOcOxcxЃɂ(g)ȣˡc˵ԵcԵc_(ki)M(jn)cڰ(dng)cǔһкڰ(dng)ξSo(h)y(tng)εֶ˿ֲ֮⣬ǿ˼ɱcūԸNɵġݛՓ_ˡ](mi)^s߀ѸZ(y)?yn)醢cβһڡʮꡱ͡ĸđвŕ(hu)F(xin)λՏ(qing)R(sh)cF(xin)ԷҊ(jin)ʧĬF(xin)Щ޷ޡ򡢡Ӱ򡱾^(gu)f(shu)@һF(xin)(du)򄡞η(w)(yng)(dng)?sh)Ҫͬr(sh)ȡ򄡌(du)ԵİգΣʹo(w)xo(w)׷ֻʣƒɷNܣ?yn)顰Ĺߣ(yn)ͼ?j)@cF(xin)Ǹġ

Ĵꑮ(dng)򄡵ķ(g)@һĻҲܿcε@e򄡵ġˌW(xu)λΡλȡ֮_(ti)ֻС񡱣ߣcߣ](mi)Сˡ󡣆x˵Ă(g)cɱص׷1949֮ˑ򄡵@һ(g)f(shu)@(g)Ρ(li)1949֮ǰxcġ^(gu)ijN۵ġ“(lin)ϵôZȡ(qun)ԺΌ(sh)xsҪ@N“(lin)ϵ@һλϸɲ20xѸĕ(sh)hđ˸(qun)®(dng)ˡ١ԡ(qun)һҪ?jing)e˷ҪաڱΡijЩ|ҲҪѸhȬF(xin)o^(gu)ǷNɾ醢ɺľ֮һġ(g)xIndividualism,g(g)xHYx(hu)õJ(rn)l(f)չR˼xҲ{Լ˼wϵ(g)Եɰl(f)չ(hu)ҪҪѸĬF(xin)˼УЇ(gu)ĬF(xin)e
g(sh)˱(g)Զ(li)ˡ˵ĬF(xin)c(qing)(gu)P(gun)ϵǣʹ(gu)֮X(ju)(g)ԏɳ֮D(zhun)ˇ(gu)[10]mᘌ(du)Щԡ(gu)ҡڠ(g)ˡ^c(din)f(shu)(zhng)ゃ(g)˵Ǟ(gu)Ҡ(zhng)(zhng)ゃԼ˸񣬱Ǟ(gu)Ҡ(zhng)˸ƽȵć(gu)ҲһȺūŽ(li)[11]󚢂(g)֮ڵǂ(g)(gu)ҡ@f(shu)ġˇ(gu)ƽȵć(gu)ҡǰؕf(shu)ǂ(g)˂(g)˙(qun)ڵġwxTotalitarianism,g(qun)(zhun)xѸf(shu)ġˇ(gu)cmf(shu)ġƽȵć(gu)ҡĬF(xin)(gu)ҵͬxZ(y)

(g)xǡײxĺĺ`꣬(du)Ƅ(dng)Ї(gu)֮F(xin)P(gun)ҪȻЇ(gu)y(tng)Ļ(zhun)xӵӰײǘӵġ(g)xmЇ(gu)Ļвȫo(w)c֮ͨڵYԴ20o(j)һЇ(gu)ͱ(gu)`xcѸf(shu)ǘӣ(g)һZ(y)Ї(gu)δ̖(ho)Q(chng)R(sh)r(sh)֮ʿԞԍƈuc\ͬδ֪`麦ҲeĿ䌍(sh)Ȼ[12]Ѹf(shu)ġ`䌍(sh)ĬF(xin)1949֮Ӈ(yn)أژO˼ĵÄ(sh)cF(xin)ȱλЩ˼ʹ^(gu)䌍(sh)ҲεҪw֮֮ڡġĻ\(yn)(dng)xߴ•ƉĂ(g)Ե(sh)f(wn)֮ԭ[13]1958ˇI(lng)܊ܓP(yng)sڿY(ji)ɡ(zhng)Ĉ(bo)桶ˇ(zhn)(xin)ϵһ(chng)qՓĽ(jng)ëɖ|f(shu)(g)x(hu)x(hu)f(wn)֮ԴԭԴ֮eԭˣ@һ(g)ô˸пϵ֮ĚvʷĻĴ۰@CˡɡcΡą^(q)eᣡ

☋(gu)ɡߵĵڶ(g)`^(q)ǿˇg(sh)򄡣(du)˵ľӰĶˑc˼cε“(lin)ϵӷط(du)򄡵Ľx䌍(sh)ǡǡڃɷN҂ˆcε“(lin)ϵc^(q)e_(ti)Ȼ(hu)_(ti)ĿsӰcF(xin)ͲȫÓxΡ(wn)(li)ҲǑ򄡱F(xin)Č(du)P(gun)IڑcεP(gun)ϵǜ\ǴС@NP(gun)ϵDzƽȵġ҂񶨺еġλη(w)ָǷN򄡞ūrǰcɞ锳֮r(sh)@ӵġ϶򄡵ĽQ򄡞η(w)µĽƄ(dng)˵|(zh)֮B(yng)ɺ;֮܌W(xu)ָ̻ЃɷNһNwF(xin)ԡ֮˵ձڿwϾSo(h)(li)Եı|(zh)Ҏ(gu)һN^ġ̻tǡǡ෴䌍(sh)ǡϴXǾSo(h)(li)Եı|(zh)Ҏ(gu)ǰ֮˵ձԳM(mn)ƫҊ(jin)(d)ĪM(jng)(yn)x(g)e½MƯT˵̖(ho)[14]箔(dng)ǰڴꑏVеġĻx͡(f)šx硰ĸеġѪy(tng)ՓΨɷ֡ՓӰ򡱡ȡɽ~r(nng)|(zh)áԼcP(gun)ķ⽨T(mn)y^߀СӢۡ(g)ŵȵȣ@Щ|̻njԡ(g)e½R˼f(shu)ԡ˼W늡ˡųɞˡ(sh)HϾnjһN̻µˡšɞǰһN̻µҲf(shu)ǰһNϡĽ̻džɵĽ̻һN¡Ľ̻tɱεġ̻Մʲô

ĻxԴϵČ(zhun)cҲԴ挦(du)M(jn)ġߡԱɡֵ֑ĪM(do)ġȻǡ¡ĶǡϡcԵăr(ji)ֵ^nj(du)@cɵһlˮXԿĻԣJ(rn)ȫ(li)ĻĹ֮ͬͨr(ji)ֵ
ĻxtĻĹͬ(bio)(zhn)J(rn)Ļиߡ(yu)֮cM(jn)֮eԿǽ^(du)ġΨһЇ(gu)ĻxЇ(gu)򄡬F(xin)M(jn)ݷF(xin)Ľɫ(dng)c(li)Ļr(sh)Ƚ]IJաߡM(jn)ь(du)^(gu)(li)Q廯Ć(wn)}ǽڡ廯⡢M(jn)@NĻ(dng)ȻһĚvʷȻԡvʷV҂^廯Œ(sh)ЃɷNһNǷeOġ_(ki)ŵJ(rn)(li)ĻĹ֮ͬͨ̎c(din)ڰЩ(yu)Ė|Á(li)
һNOġ]͵J(rn)(li)ĻĹͬr(ji)ֵc(din)ԡ(gu)⡱(du)M(jn)Ļԡ廯ȡF(xin)ƩԒ(hu)20o(j)Ї(gu)ĕr(sh)(dng)Ȼһ(g)廯Ć(wn)}@һ(wn)}ĽQĻxf(shu)ôy͇(yn)f(shu)1920t(rn)ɺֵܵȺϺ_(ti)ݳ(i)mʒ{ġA֮šI(y)⵽ʧf(shu)Ԓ(hu)ġ廯߀һ(g)ֵעĆ(wn)}Ԓ(hu)ô1924򄡅f(xi)(zh)(do)һλ(i)mµġ̵ӡԭСصנ˵ӡ@ɹtf(shu)Ԓ(hu)ݳʽѽ(jng)ɹرֲЇ(gu)_(ti)Ԓ(hu)ČW(xu)Ą(chung)(li)f(shu)Ї(gu)Ԓ(hu)һ_(ki)ʼڡ廯·ϵһhW(yng)ٻ(li)cһˇg(sh)YԴ䄓(chung)ʹȡԒ(hu)@N(li)ʽZ(y)L(fng)ˇg(sh)ζҲo(w)Ї(gu)˵(ni)Į(dng)ȻǡF(xin)Ї(gu)ˡľ񡣵30Ї(gu)Ԓ(hu)ѽ(jng)ʲôС족ѽ(jng)ȫ׃ɵصصЇ(gu)F(xin)򄡵һNʽһNΑB(ti)l(shu)f(shu)hخܵ˵ЩԒ(hu)Ї(gu)F(xin)򄡵Ľ(jng)ΛrЇ(gu)Ԓ(hu)Įa(chn)Ͱl(f)չҲǃHHһ(g)ˇg(sh)ʽĆ(wn)}Ї(gu)ĻF(xin)һ˵ĬF(xin)tҪă(ni)@ӿ(li)ڿՕr(sh)P(gun)ڑʽӑՓУǂ(g)񶨡ġɾġ廯̖(ho)@ȻAsA(f)xxA򣨡廯͵Qˡr(nng)񻯡ں(li)ӰˇF(xin)f(shu)ǁ(li)Ļx(dng)r(sh)(qing){(dio)ġԒ(hu)廯(du)ѽ(jng)Ї(gu)Ԓ(hu)(li)f(shu)Ͽf(shu)Ļxŵһ(g)RڡĴԒ(hu)Mһ(g)ԭ(li)ͲǡЇ(gu)ġ^(li)ıخh(yun)겻ɡ족廯΄(w)@(g)·40Ӱ1949֮(g)򄡵ġ廯cġxġ˵đ򄡡F(xin)򄡱Y^ɫ׷Ҳ(hu)׃ɾܽ^(li)M(jn)ĻēǏ(f)šfͬxZ(y)Еr(sh)tͣڌ(du)fijЩʽصİúģϡֱ߀J(rn)Ԓ(hu)ѽ(jng)ɞЇ(gu)ġ򄡡@e(cu)`(li)廯Ěvʷǰᑪ(yng)ǬF(xin)ͨt(yng)džxεĉʹ@(g)(dng)?sh)߉݋н?xn)Ǻֵ҂?c)?1o(j)ĽԿY(ji)͙zӑ

20o(j)90ԁ(li)ڴꑿĻB(ti)(sh)ϵķAcĻϵx(yng)ģ߾↢F(xin)R(sh)һNǶǵՓ{(dio)J(rn)飺ԽľԽġҰѴԒ(hu)İl(f)(qun)w֮Ѹ䌍(sh)ѸH20o(j)l(f)ġĻƫՓĦ_Ԋ(sh)f(shu)ҪՓF(xin)(li)Ļ۹(li)ǰõP(gun)ڡ(g)ˡcˇ(gu)ՓѸ^c(din)cĻx෴ǏµһԒ(hu)_(ki)ʼģF(xin)ڵČW(xu)Ҳһеطɫʵģ׳ɞe(gu)ע⡣ȥЇ(gu)֮(dng)[15]Ո(qng)עطɫʡڡԡe(gu)ע⡱Ҳǫ@cx˼@vֻĻеġ󮐡톖(wn)}sˇg(sh)r(ji)ֵJ(rn)ͬԆ(wn)}߉݋(yng)ԓ@ӵģһxˇg(sh)ȻǾɫһЎĵطԺԵˇg(sh)Գɞ顰ġȫ@ȫ(li)֮ͬͨr(ji)ֵ](mi)ؑѺ۹ˇg(sh)Ͱl(f)չ͕(hu)ܵOJ(rn)(li)Ҫą^(q)eڵ؅^(q)˷NccҰU[16]ڡȫ򻯡r(sh)Ļ(dng)Ȼ(yng)ԓǶԪࡱʽL(fng)ԼNͬ˼S_(d)ķr(ji)ֵ(bio)(zhn)s(yng)Ƕwһġһж(yng)Ƿ(li)Ͱl(f)չ(zhn)

Y(ji)19492000ĚvʷӖ(xn)21o(j)Ї(gu)ՓŵN(yn)đ߀F(xin)Ļy(tng)Ԓ(hu)Ҫ(gu)F(xin)֮·ؕI(xin)͑(yng)صˌW(xu)Ķλ(jin)ֆɵĻ(chng)

2006 6¡9ϾͲS

뺮ɽЇ(gu)ČW(xu)Ěvʷ\(yn)A(sh)2007棩

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[2] R˼˹xһ273(y)1972档

[3] ﱾһ܊`ꡪخL(fng)Մ䛡2542(y)K2001

[4] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615

[5] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615ա

[6] 루ķNϾ?qng)?bo)1957611ա

[7] []ղءR(k)֮SСg151(y)Ӣ(gu)u(png)ҺղءF(xin)(sh)xһ(sh)֮VW(xu)2001档

[8] ͽ𣺡S䛡811(y)x(sh)֪“(lin)(sh)1987档

[9] o(j)ƣo(j)Сƽͬ־S20048

[10] ѸĻƫՓѸȫһ5057(y)ČW(xu)1981

[11] mBԼ˼롷mļ511512(y)W(xu)1998档

[12] ͬע10

[13] 棨˹꣩f(wn)֮ԭ³һ1̖(ho)191911գ

[14] []h˹W񡤼_(d)ĬchgϾ14(y)Ϻgij1999

[15] Ѹ1934419ꐟҊ(jin)Ѹȫʮ391(y)ČW(xu)1981档

[16] ՄԒ(hu)䛡츻g220222(y)gֳ2002

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