四級短文聽寫篇一：四級短文聽寫填詞篇

四級短文聽寫的長度一般在200到250詞之間，包括8個(gè)單詞填空和3個(gè)句子填空。全文朗讀三遍。第一遍朗讀時(shí)，中間沒有停頓，供考生聽懂全文內(nèi)容；第二遍朗讀時(shí)，單詞空格中間沒有停頓，句子空格大約有60秒的停頓時(shí)間，要求考生把聽到的內(nèi)容填入空格；第三遍朗讀與第一遍一樣，中間沒有停頓，供考生核對所填內(nèi)容。

Lecture 1第一講5招掃清填詞障礙

從某種意義上說，短文聽寫實(shí)際上也是一種完形填空。我們可以利用完形填空技巧，根據(jù)空格前后的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、近義或反義復(fù)現(xiàn)等卷面材料所提供的已知信息來預(yù)測空格處的未知信息，從而提高答題的針對性，減少盲目性。第一招： 利用句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)句子的主謂搭配、動賓搭配、修飾關(guān)系以及虛擬、倒裝等語法結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，判斷所缺單詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞�，從而推測出所填詞的詞性及形式（名詞單復(fù)數(shù)或動詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等）。

【例1】 （11?6?42，43）Albert Einstein (42)this in 1905, when he (43) the concept of relative time as part of his Special Theory of Relativity.

【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格(42)以及空格(43)所在分句均缺少謂語動詞，(42)題答案為predicted，意為“預(yù)測”。(43)題答案為introduced，意為“引進(jìn)，介紹”。

第二招： 利用語義連貫根據(jù)上下文中的關(guān)鍵詞與空格前后詞語在語義上的連貫，推斷所填詞可能的含義。

【例2】(08?12?39)Crime rates have always been high in multicultural, industrialized societies such as the United States, but a new (37) has appeared on the world (38) —rapidly rising crime rates in nations that previously reported few (39) .

【解析】空格（39）前的形容詞few表明此處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)名詞。此句與but前一句的情況構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折，前一句說，犯罪率在美國等具有多元文化的工業(yè)化社會一直很高，空格所在句則說“犯罪率在那些以前很少有(39) 報(bào)道的國家開始快速上升”，為了確保語義上的連貫，所填詞應(yīng)有“犯罪，罪行”之意。本空答案為offences，意為“犯罪，罪行”。37題答案為phenomenon（現(xiàn)象），38題答案為scene（場景）。

第三招： 從邏輯銜接中尋找線索根據(jù)上下文及句際間的邏輯關(guān)系（如并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等）推測所填詞可能的含義（主要通過連接詞、介詞短語和副詞來判斷）。

【例3】 (04?6?S5)Anyone may go there and read anything in the collection. But no one is (S5) to take books out of the building.

【解析】轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but前是說“任何人都可以進(jìn)去閱讀收藏的書籍”，根據(jù)but的特點(diǎn)可知，其后應(yīng)該是說“任何人都不可以把書拿出大樓”，由此可知所填詞應(yīng)該表示“可以，允許”之意。本空答案為permitted，意為“允許”。

第四招： 利用上下文的照應(yīng)或復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系注意在同一語境中尋找能夠與所填詞構(gòu)成近義、反義或同根等復(fù)現(xiàn)或照應(yīng)關(guān)系的詞語，從而推測出所填詞可能的形式或含義。近義詞或反義詞的出現(xiàn)常伴有表示并列或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的信號詞。

【例4】 (09?12?43)For example, descriptive writing might list the colors an artist used in a painting or the (43) a composer included in a musical composition, so as to make pictures or sounds in the reader?s mind by calling up specific details of the work.

【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞應(yīng)與前面的colors并列，故很可能也是名詞復(fù)數(shù)，二者后面都跟了一個(gè)省略了that的定語從句；所填詞的定語a composer… in a musical composition提示，該詞應(yīng)該與composer, musical屬于同一個(gè)語義場，故應(yīng)該與音樂有關(guān)。本空答案為instruments，意為“樂器”。

第五招： 利用詞語的固定搭配根據(jù)所填詞與其前后詞語構(gòu)成的固定搭配或習(xí)慣表達(dá)來推測所填詞可能的形式或含義。

【例5】 (07?6?37)Most parents are well (36) , but some of them aren?t very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in (37) to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children?s difficulties.

【解析】空格（37）前的介詞in和空后的介詞to提示所填詞應(yīng)為名詞或動名詞。根據(jù)整句話的含義不難得知，剛上大學(xué)的孩子需要“適應(yīng)”大學(xué)生活。adjust to…意為“適應(yīng)”。本空答案為adjusting,意為“適應(yīng)”。

Lecture 2第二講5招攻克填句難關(guān)

短文聽寫所考查的句子的結(jié)構(gòu)一般都比較復(fù)雜，如在不了解其內(nèi)容的情況下直接聽寫，很難抓住全部信息。因此，我們應(yīng)該在聽音前根據(jù)空格前后的邏輯關(guān)系、上下文陳述內(nèi)容及短文整體脈絡(luò)對句子可能陳述的主題進(jìn)行推測，從而在聽音過程中抓取更多的有效信息。第一招： 根據(jù)段落大意推測段落首尾處空格內(nèi)容段落的開頭或結(jié)尾往往起到承上啟下的作用，常為主題句或總結(jié)性內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)注意對段落的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)和歸納，從而推測出段首或段尾處空格可能表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。

【例1】 (03?1?S8)Big, high?tech fleets (S6) ensure that everything in their path is pulled out of water. Anything too small, or the wrong thing, is thrown back either dead or dying. That?s an (S7) average of more than 20 million metric tons every year. (S8) .

【解析】所缺句子為該段最后一句，應(yīng)起承上啟下作用。根據(jù)前句含義和下段舉例，此處很可能是進(jìn)一步說明前句中的驚人數(shù)量和問題的嚴(yán)重性。本空答案為When you consider that equals a quarter of the world?s catch, you begin to see the size of the problem。

第二招： 理清句子間的邏輯關(guān)系作者在組織篇章和段落時(shí)，經(jīng)常會使用一些表達(dá)邏輯關(guān)系（如順承關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等）的詞或短語。通過這些邏輯關(guān)系詞語，理清句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，可以推測出所缺句子所表達(dá)的大致含義。

【例2】 (05?1?S8)It is a good Japanese camera, easy to use. (S8) whereas the American versions are considerably more expensive.

【解析】文章提到Japan，Germany，the USA三國的照相機(jī)，空前的Japanese和空后的American以及連詞whereas（表對比）提示本句描述的應(yīng)是Germany的相機(jī)。此處是三國照相機(jī)之間的對比。前后句中use, expensive和weigh提示所填內(nèi)容應(yīng)與照相機(jī)的使用、價(jià)格和重量有關(guān)。本空答案為Equivalent German models tend to be heavier and slightly less easy to use。

第三招： 根據(jù)前后句意推測空格處內(nèi)容 句與句之間在語義上要保持連貫，考生要學(xué)會利用空格前后的句意對所缺句子可能表達(dá)的含義進(jìn)行推測。

【例3】 (07?6?44)(41) Accustomed to seeing A?s and B?s on high school report cards, they may be upset when their children?s first (42) semester college grades are below that level.At their kindest, they may gently (43) inquire why John or Mary isn?t doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on. (44).

【解析】空前是說父母們習(xí)慣了看到孩子高中時(shí)成績單上的A?s和B?s，所以當(dāng)孩子大學(xué)第一學(xué)期的成績低于高中時(shí)的水平時(shí)，他們就會變得十分惱火。如果他們比較親切，他們可能會問孩子為什么沒有考好，是否盡了力。根據(jù)前面所說內(nèi)容不難推斷，所填句很可能是要講如果父母不親切時(shí)，他們可能會做的事。所填句的開頭應(yīng)是at their kindest的反義短語。本空答案為At their worst, they may threaten to take their children out of college or cut off funds。

第四招： 明確代詞的指代關(guān)系

空格后面句子中的代詞往往指代空格所在句中出現(xiàn)過的詞，因此要學(xué)會利用空格后句子的內(nèi)容明確該代詞的指代內(nèi)容，從而推測空格句所陳述的內(nèi)容。

【例4】(04?6?S9)

Today, three buildings hold the library?s collection. (S9) . It buys some of its books and gets others as gifts.

【解析】空前是關(guān)于圖書館藏書的重購，空后介紹了藏書的來源，故所缺部分應(yīng)該也是介紹圖書館藏書的相關(guān)情況。根據(jù)句意，空后的it應(yīng)是代指the library，故所缺句子的主語應(yīng)為the library。本空答案為The library provides books and materials to the US Congress and also lends books to other American libraries, government agencies and foreign libraries。

第五招： 學(xué)會記錄關(guān)鍵詞由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，而且時(shí)間有限，只憑記憶寫要點(diǎn)，往往容易出現(xiàn)疏漏和犯錯(cuò)誤。因此，考生一定要學(xué)會記錄關(guān)鍵詞。 首先，要學(xué)會使用縮略語�？s略語不一定要求規(guī)范，甚至可用些符號，所記內(nèi)容不一定要求完整，只要能起到提示作用，自己能看懂就行了。這里的基本要求是快速、省時(shí)并能表達(dá)含義。 其次，要有選擇地記筆記。英語中實(shí)詞具有表意功能，而虛詞多具語法功能，因此所記詞應(yīng)以實(shí)詞為主。 最后，重點(diǎn)記錄句子的主干�？忌鷳�(yīng)重點(diǎn)記錄句子主干或中心詞，在記下主干的前提下盡可能記全信息。 需要注意的是，這些技巧盡管能夠幫助考生提高答題的準(zhǔn)確度，但只注重技巧而忽視實(shí)踐練習(xí)也不會取得很好的成績，因此，必須把兩者有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來。

即講即練

Exercise 1

What is your (36) color? Do you like yellow, orange, or red? If you do you must be an (37) , a leader. Do you prefer grays and blues? Then you are (38) quiet, shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You tend to be a pessimist. At least, this is what (39) tell us, and they should know, because they have been seriously studying the meaning of color (40) , as well as the effect that colors have on human beings. They tell us, among

other facts, that we do not (41) our favorite color as we grow up — we are born with our preference. If you happen to love brown, you did so as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.Colors do (42) our moods — there is no doubt about it. A yellow room makes most people feel more (43) and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand, black is depressing. A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, (44) —until it was repainted green. The number of suicide attempts immediately fell sharply; perhaps (45) .Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active. It is an established fact that factory workers work better, harder, and

(46) .

Exercise 2

Generally, time management refers to the (36) of processes and tools that (37) efficiency and

(38) .In business, time management has morphed into everything from methodologies such as Enterprise Resource Planning through (39) services such as Professional Organizers.When we think of time management, however, we tend to think of (40) time management, loosely defined as managing our time to waste less on doing the things we have to do, so we have more time to do the things we want to do.Therefore, time management is often thought of or (41) as a set of time management skills; the theory is that once we (42) the time management skills, we?ll be more

organized, efficient, and happier.Personal time management skills include goal setting, planning, prioritizing, decision?making, delegating, and (43) .Many people find that time management tools, such as PIM software and PDAs, help them manage their time more effectively. For instance,

(44) .Whether (45) , however, the first step in effective time management is (46) .

Exercise 3In the last 500 years, nothing about people — their clothes, ideas, or (36) — has changed as much as what they eat. The (37) chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians. The Spanish (38) it to the rest of the world during the 1500s. Although it was very expensive, it quickly became (39) . In London, shops where chocolate drinks were (40) became important meeting places. Some still exist today.The potato is also from the New World. Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was

(41) grown. Ireland became so (42) on it that thousan(來自:www.newchangjing.com 蒲公英文 摘:四級短文聽寫)ds of Irish people (43) when the crop failed during the “Potato Famine” of 1845-1846, and thousands more were forced to immigrate to America.(44) . But some others went in the opposite direction. Brazil is now the World?s largest grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries. But it is native to Ethiopia. It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400s.According to an Arabic legend, (45) . He tried one and experienced the “wide?awake” feeling (46) .

Exercise 4Everybody wants to get wealthy. In today?s (36) world, making money or becoming wealthy (37) a person?s success and capability. Many people just make every (38) , pay any price to attain greater wealth. With money, they can buy nice, large (39) in nice

neighborhoods; with money they can own stately (40) cars. Wealth seems to bring all happiness in life.But is wealth the only (41) to happiness? Not really. There are many things in the world which are beyond the means of money, such as friendship, love, health and (42) . Many people are so preoccupied with (43) for money that they have no time or would not take the time to form or maintain friendship. (44) , even if they accumulate tremendous wealth?(45) . What money will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life. If you are kind enough to help others, especially the poor, money is a good thing for you. With it, (46) . If you want money just for your own needs, you?ll never be satisfied or happy. In a word, only if you are generous can money be the source of your happiness.

【答案與解析】

Exercise 1

【聽力原文】

What is your (36) favorite color? Do you like yellow, orange, or red? If you do you must be an (37) optimist, a leader. Do you prefer grays and blues? Then you are (38) probably quiet, shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You tend to be a pessimist. At least, this is what (39) psychologists tell us, and they should know, because they have been seriously studying the meaning of color (40) preference, as well as the effect that colors have on human beings. They tell us, among other facts, that we do not (41) choose our favorite color as we grow up — we are born with our preference. If you happen to love brown, you did so as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.

Colors do (42) influence our moods— there is no doubt about it. A yellow room makes most people feel more (43) cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand, black is depressing. A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, (44) used to be the scene of more suicides than any other

bridge in the area — until it was repainted green. The number of suicide attempts immediately fell sharply; perhaps (45) it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue.

【答案解析】

36. 空前的形容詞性物主代詞your及空后名詞color提示，所填詞應(yīng)為形容詞，后一句中Do you like yellow…?提示本句可能是問你“最喜歡的”顏色是什么，favorite意為“最喜歡的”。

37. 空前的不定冠詞an提示所填詞應(yīng)該是一個(gè)以元音因素開頭的單數(shù)名詞。再聯(lián)系上下文可知，所填詞應(yīng)與后文中的pessimist(悲觀主義者)構(gòu)成反義復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系，因此所填詞應(yīng)為optimist，意為“樂觀主義者”。

38. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句不缺少句子主干，所填詞位于形容詞quiet, shy之前，可能為副詞作狀語。probably意為“可能”。

39. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞在what引導(dǎo)的表語從句中作主語，且謂語動詞為tell動詞原形，故所填詞為名詞復(fù)數(shù)。聯(lián)系上文可知，告訴我們顏色喜好與人格之間的關(guān)系等內(nèi)容的人應(yīng)該是心理學(xué)家。psychologist意為“心理學(xué)家”。

40. 聯(lián)系前文，前面內(nèi)容是說人們對顏色的喜好，此處也應(yīng)該是講他們一直在努力研究顏色喜好(color preference)，此處color為名詞作定語。preference意為“喜好”。

41. 空前的助動詞否定形式do not提示，所填詞應(yīng)為動詞原形。choose意為“選擇”。

42. 分析句意可知，do在句子中不作謂語動詞，而是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，故所填詞應(yīng)為動詞原形。后文中說一間黃色的房間會比深綠色的更容易使人放松及紅色的裙子會給人溫暖等，可見這里是在強(qiáng)調(diào)顏色會“影響”我們的情緒。influence意為“影響”。

43. and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，故所填詞應(yīng)為形容詞，與relaxed構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，且應(yīng)表示積極向上的意義。cheerful意為“愉悅的”。

44. 前一句通過On the other hand來表示對比，相對于yellow和red等暖色調(diào)來說，black使人感到壓抑(depressing)。然后本句以倫敦泰晤士河上的一座黑漆大橋?yàn)槔�，說明這一觀點(diǎn)。所填句子應(yīng)為該座黑漆大橋使人壓抑的具體表現(xiàn)。

【Main Points】used to be a place which had witnessed most suicides in the area

45. 空前部分說在這座大橋被漆成綠色以后，試圖自殺的人數(shù)大量減少。句中分號及perhaps提示所填句子應(yīng)該是對這一情況的進(jìn)一步說明。Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active. It is an established fact that factory workers work better, harder, and (46) have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey.

【Main Points】it would have fallen more sharply if the bridge had been painted pink or baby blue

46. 前一句說較淺、較明亮的顏色不僅能使人心情愉悅且更積極向上。本句以工人在工廠工作為例說明這一觀點(diǎn)。and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，本句已給部分表示工人工作更積極，所填句子也應(yīng)表示積極的含義。

【Main Points】suffer fewer accidents if the machines are painted orange instead of black or grey Exercise 2

【聽力原文】

Generally, time management refers to the (36) development of processes and tools that (37) increase efficiency and (38) productivity.In business, time management has morphed into everything from methodologies such as Enterprise Resource Planning through (39) consultant services such as Professional Organizers.

When we think of time management, however, we tend to think of (40) personal time management, loosely defined as managing our time to waste less on doing the things we have to do, so we have more time to do the things we want to do.

四級短文聽寫篇二：外研社四級段落聽寫文本

1. Mourning to the Earthquake

The Chinese State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the earthquake victims starting from May 19, 2008. The Chinese National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR were raised at half mast. At 14: 28 on Ｍay 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public observed silence to express mourning; vehicles, vessels, trains, and air-defense alarms sounded, followed by a 3-minute silence. The Ningbo Organizing Committee of Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay will be suspended for these three days. All websites and newspapers printed in black and white on May 19. During three days of national mourning ordered by the government, public entertainment was cancelled. Across the country, sirens and horns wailed; people fell silent. China Central Television darkened its screen. In the headquarters of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, more than 200 employees gathered in front of their office building, facing southwest, towards Sichuan, in a silent tribute.

2. Social Insect

Social insects live in integrated communities which in some ways are similar to human communites. In both types of community there is a division of labour. In insect societies certain insects are responsible for reproduction; the workers collect food while the soldiers defend the colony. In the same way human groups such as farmers and shopkeepers have specialized functions in producing goods and providing services to the community.

Insect and human societies are also alike in that individual members of the commmunity work together. Ants coordinate their efforts to build nests. Similarly, in human societies engineers, architects, town planners and construction workers unite to build cities.

The nests of social insects are as complex as a man-made city. In some insect nests special accommodation is provided for the young and for food storage. Many nests also have devices for regulating the temperature. So insect nests are as functional as human houses.

3. Buckingham House

Buckingham House was built for the Duke of Buckingham in the 18th century. However, it became a royal residence in 1775 when George III bought it. His son, George IV, began the reconstruction of the house, which was not finished until the time of Queen Victoria who was the first queen to live there. Today, the Queen?s home is officially called Buckingham Palace, although many Londones still call it Buck House. When the Queen is in residence, a flag called the Royal Standard flies at the top of a pole. The palace is guarded by sentries of the Guards Division. The guards are changed in the morning in the forecourt behind the railings. The ceremony is always very popular with tourists, who take many photographs, mainly because it is so colorful. The new guard marches behind a band and the ceremony usually lasts half an hour.

4. Dolphins

Dolphins are social animals. Many of them even enjoy being around humans. In addition to being playful, they are helpful to men. For example, as early as 400 BC, the Greek

poet Aron was saved from drowning by a dolphon. Even since then, dolphins have been helping swimmers who are in trouble. Swimmers, however, are not the only humans they help. In some parts of the world, they help men catch fish.

Dolphins are very clever. A dolphin?s brain is even larger than a human brain. Therefore, some people think a dolphin must be smarter than a man. But of course, brain size is not the only measure of cleverness. Besides, measuring dolphin?s cleverness in other ways is not possible since men cannot talk with them. But we can almost be sure that dolphins can talk with each other. They make different sounds which seem to be at least a form of language.

5. Advertising

Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. In the business world of today, supply is usually greater than demand. There is great competition between different manufacuturers 廠商of the same kind of product to persuade customers to buy their particular brands. They always have to remind the customers of the names and qualities of their products.

They do this by advertising. The manufacturer advertisers in the newspaper and on posters. He employs attractive sales-girls to distribute分配 samples of their products. Most important of all, in countries that have televisions, he puts advertisements into programmes that will be easy to accept. Manufacturers often spend sums of money on advertisements. We buy a particular product because we think that it is the best. We usually think so because of the advertisements that say so. People never pause to ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth.

6. Basketball, Baseball and Football in the US

Basketball is well-known around the world. The American National Basketball Association tournament has become one of the most popular sports events around the world. Professional basketball games in the United States are played indoors during the winter months. From November to April one can find a professional basketball game several nights a week in most large American cities. Baseball is an American sport. It has been called the national pass-time. The game is played in the evenings, nearly everyday of the week. The season begins in April and finishes with the world series in October. Football has become the most popular professional sport in the US. It is played on Sundays during the fall and winter from August to Janurary. American football is different from international football, which Americans call soccer. Both games require strength and specialized skills. Professional athletes are very well paid. The most famous athletes make millions of dollars for their playing skills. America?s best athletes have higher salaries than the country?s President.

7. Unidentified Flying Objects

There are many explanations for why UFOs visit the earth. The most popular one is that they may contain visitors from other planets. To fly such an aircraft, their builders must develop different forms of aviation, because they seem to fly much faster than normal aircraft. The UFOs, it is believed, must contain scientists from other planets who are studying life on earth. It is even believed that several such aircraft may have landed on earth and the space visitors may be living amongst us. But there are also less fantastic explanations available. Although some sights of

UFOs are difficult to explain, most can be explained quite easily. In many cases the observers might have made a mistake. They might have seen a weather balloon or an aircraft. Or the light they saw in the sky might have been light from the ground, reflected on to the clouds. However, the exact cause of many sights still remains a mystery.

8. Prices of the Houses

The price of a house depends on its size and location. Big houses are more expensive than smaller ones, and houses closer to the center of big cities are more expensive thatn ones in the suburbs or in small towns. Regardless of the cost, it is usual for people to buy their houses over a period fo time. When a family buys a house, it is necessary to borrow money from a bank to pay for it. Then they repay the bank in regualr payments. Families can take 30 years to pay off the loan. Without a loan it would be impossible for most people to own their houses. Many Americans do not own their own homes, they pay landlords房東 to live in their homes. The money they pay for this is called rent. Usually, it is cheaper to rent than to buy. Also when something needs to be repaired, it is easy for the renter to ask the landlord to fix it. Some people rent houses, but most renters live in apartments. Apartment buildings are located in cities where it is too costly to build houses.

9. Tobacco

American Indians grew and smoked tobacco before Columbus come to America. The Tobacco industry has been large and important for America?s economy ever since colonial farmers grew tobacco for export 300 years ago. Even today tobacco is grown in large quantities along America?s Eastern Coast. Since the 1800?s, the most common form of smoking tobacco is cigarettes. Men and women of all ages smoke cigarettes and there are dozens of brands sold in the US. Nearly all cigarettes now sold have filters. Pipe smoking had some popularity and cigars are usually only smoked by older men. Over the past 30 years, many people have stopped smoking. This movement keeping away from cigarettes began when lung cancer and other ailments were linked to smoking. In the 1970?s when taxes on cigarettes were greatly increased, cigarette smoking became much more expensive. Since the late 1970?s, physical fitness has become a major aim of millions of Americans. These three factors have been the major causes for many people to stop smoking.

10. Characteristics of a Good Reader

To cultivate your reading habits, you must understand the charateristics of a good reader. First, a good reader usually reads rapidly. Of course, he does not read every piece of material at the same rate. But whether he is reading a newspaper or a chapter in a physical text, his reading rate is relatively fast. He has learned to read for ideas rather than words one at a time. Next, a good reader can recognize and understand general ideas and specific details. Thus he is able to comprehend the material with a minimum of effort and a maximum of interest. Finally, a good reader has in his command several special skills, which he can apply to solving reading problems as they occur. For the college students, the most helpful of these skills include making use of the various aids to understanding that most text books provide and skim-reading for a general survey. In any way, cultivating a good habit of reading is significant to promote your reading efficiency.

11. Every artist knows in his heart that he is saying something to the public. Not only does he want to say it well, but he wants it to be something which has not been said before.

What visual artists, like painters, want to say is easy to make out but difficult to explain, because painters translate their experiences into shapes and colors, not words. They seem to feel that a certain selection of shapes and colors, out of the countless billions of possible, is exceptionally interesting for them and worth showing to us.

Most artists take their shapes and colors from the world of nature and from human bodies in motion and response; their choices indicate that these aspects of the world are worth looking at, that they contain beautiful sights. Contemporary artists might say that they merely choose subjects that provide an interesting pattern, that there is nothing more in it. Yet even they do not choose entirely without reference to the character of their subjects.

12. How High Can You Jump?

Flea traies have observed a strange habit of fleas while training them. Fleas are trained by putting them in a cardboard box with a top on it. The fleas will jump up and hit the top of the cardboard box over and over again. As you watch them jump and hit the lid, something very interetsting becomes obvious. The fleas continue to jump, but they are no longer jumping high enough to hit the top.

When you take off the lid, the fleas continue to jump, but they will not jump out of the box. They will not jump out because they cannot jump out. Why? The reason is simple. They have conditioned themselves to jump just so high. Once they have conditioned themselves to jump just so high, that is all they can do!

Many times, people do the same thing. They restrict themselves and never reach their potential. Just like the fleas, they fail to jump higher, thinking they are doing all they can do.

13.Sleep

Why is it so difficult to fall asleep when you are overtired? There is no one answer that apllies to every individual. It is possible to feel tired physically and still be unable to fall asleep, because while your body may be exhausted, you do not feel sleepy. It is not so easy to simply turn off.

Lack of sleep complicates matters even more. Experts say adults need at least seven to eight hours of sleep a night to function properly. When you get less sleep than that on three consecutive nights, you begin to accrue for sleep debt. As sleep debt increases your body experiences a stress response. Now a vicious cycle has been created: you experience the feeling of being more and more tired, but your body is increasingly stimulated. “Power sleeping” for more hours on weekends is only a temporary solution. There is no substitute for getting a good night?s sleep on a regular basis.

14. Automobiles

It is impossible to say that any one man invented the automobile. Many individuals living and working in different countries and at different times contributed to its development. Many of the discoveries that went into the creation of the automobile were small in themselves. But together they were important. Here are two examples.

Carriage is running at a speed of eight to nine miles an hour. It was almost unheard of in those days. According to automobile historians, this was the first practical use of mechanical power to move a vehicle. After its first run, the machine reportedly burned up while the inventor and his friends were celebrating its success at a pub.

Hey Ford is considered the father of modern automobile mass production. The low price of his famous Model-T car, made it possible to produce cars on a large scale and accessible to ordiay people.

15. The American Revolution

The American Revolution is regarded by military historians as a war Britain should never have lost. Many colonists were half-hearted about the conflict. Others thought of themselves as Englishmen misused by other Englishmen, and had no wish to kill their cousins. There were also many loyalists, some of whom fled to Canada, while others joined British regiments in America.

The British, too, were divided. It was a war which inspired patriotism. In the British Parliament there was a fierce opposition to the war from a powerful minority led by Edmund Burke. Burke tole the House of Commons that he was not interested in what the law told him he could do, but in what humanity reason and justice told him he should do. Thomas

Jefferson, one of the greatest rebel leaders, said: “We might have been a free and great people together.” But the British Government of that time was obstinate and stupid, and King George III had such an influence on affairs that it has been called “The King?s War”.

16. The Attraction of a Bookstore

This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is the main attraction of a bookstore. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like a bookstore.

You can wander round such places to your heart?s content. If it is a good shop, no assistant will approach you with the inevitable greeting: “Can I help you, sir?” You needn?t buy anything you don?t want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. Of course, you may want to find out where a particular section is, but when hw has led you there, the assistant should retire discreetly and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.

You have to be very careful with the variety of the books in the bookstore. It is very easy to enter the shop for a book on ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the lasted best-selling novel.

17. Geography

Geography is the study of the relationship between people and the land. Geographers compare and contrast various places on the earth. But they also go beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a whole. The word geography comes from two Greek words. The English word geograph means to describe the earth. Some geography books focus on a small area like a town and a city. Others deal with the whole earth. Another way to divide the study of geography is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the latter starts with human beings and studies how human beings and their environment act upon each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, neither branch can neglect the other.

18. The Library of Congress

The Library of Congress

The Library of Congress is the national library of the United States. / It was founded in 1800 to serve the needs of the congressmen. / Today, it contains books, articles and documents on every subject imaginable. / Besides senators, congressmen and other government officials, / it serves libraries, researchers, artists and scientists throughout the country and the world. /

The Library is one of the largest libraries in the world. / It has a collection of 74 million items which are housed in three buildings. / The bookshelves stretch for 350 miles. / Of the 18 million books, more than half are in languages other than English. /

The main reading room is a great hall of marble pillars. / It is the center of activity in the library. / There is a computer catalog center with six terminals for quick access to information. / For greater speed and efficiency, / the library has installed an electric book – carrying system / that carries books from one building to another in only a few seconds. / (160 words)

19. Suicide

In ancient tiems suicide was considered a heroic way of dealing with an impossible life situation. But over the years, the social , religious , and legal reactions to suicide have changed. At first it was accepted as a natural event; then it was condemned by the church; next it was defined as a criminal act; and finally it was described as a product of mental derangement. For centuries the suicide of religious martyrs was glorifed as an example of dedication to the highest of principles. Later, there was an attempt to design a variety of punishments. The dead people ?s property might be confiscated; they might be denied an honorable burial; or they might be hanged for the crime of suicide. In extreme cases, the body of suicide might be dismembered. The offending hand was buried in one place and the body was buried in another to separate murderer from victim.

20. Go

四級短文聽寫篇三：大學(xué)英語四級考試短文聽寫題型破題技巧

中國知名教育品牌

大學(xué)英語四級考試短文聽寫題型破題技巧

來源：文都教育

大學(xué)英語四級考試的短文聽寫部分在教育部題型改革之后，單詞占7個(gè)左右，詞組或短語占3個(gè)左右，單詞和短語交替設(shè)置，整體難度下降了。但是，在題型難度下降之后，我們該如何以更高的成績來拿下這個(gè)題型呢？今天，文都的大學(xué)英語四級考試聽力輔導(dǎo)名師團(tuán)隊(duì)將為大家?guī)�來最�?shí)用的短文聽寫解題技巧，希望能住幫助考試在平時(shí)的練習(xí)及真正的考試中，取得良好的成績。

首先，考生要學(xué)會通過卷面文字捕捉信息，找出線索，了解文章主旨。聽寫材料多為說明文，這一體裁的文章具有主題突出、條理清楚、層次分明、語言簡潔、邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)。文章的開頭或段首多半有主題句，之后的段落和句子都是針對主題句展開的�？忌鷳�(yīng)該利用一切機(jī)會瀏覽短文，尤其要專注主題句，根據(jù)主題句來預(yù)測文章的發(fā)展線索和大意。一般來說，聽寫的文章都具有一致性和連貫性的特點(diǎn)，考生通過瀏覽文章總會搜索到一些有參考價(jià)值的信息。

其次，聽、寫要結(jié)合，這樣才能做到雙管齊下。第一遍全文朗讀，要求考生注意聽懂文章大意。由于在聽錄音之前考生已經(jīng)預(yù)覽了卷面文字，對聽力材料有了大致的了解，因此，在聽第一遍錄音時(shí)，考生可以填寫一些簡單的單詞和詞組。在聽第二遍錄音時(shí)，應(yīng)該能完整地記錄剩下的單詞和詞組。

再次，考生應(yīng)該學(xué)會巧妙地使用縮略語。如何在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)記錄下更多的內(nèi)容？使用縮略語是必須的。當(dāng)聽寫的單詞較長或者為詞組時(shí)，可以在第一遍聽錄音時(shí)先寫下單詞的前幾個(gè)字母或詞組中的某個(gè)詞，聽第二遍、第三遍時(shí)再將其補(bǔ)充完整。這樣做既省時(shí)，又高效。

最后，考生在填完所有的空格之后，要注意檢查、核對內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。第三遍朗讀是供考生進(jìn)行核對使用的。核對是最后必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)，考生應(yīng)抓住時(shí)機(jī)彌補(bǔ)前兩遍聽錄音時(shí)所忽略和遺漏的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步修改和完善自己的答案。在核對時(shí)，對于一些空缺，考生僅憑辨音難以準(zhǔn)確地判斷出其為何詞，此時(shí)考生可以從上下文語法和語境等多個(gè)角度去推測、分析和判斷，最終正確地拼寫出這些單詞和短語。

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