職稱英語短文篇一：2015職稱英語補全短文練習(xí)十篇

2015年職稱英語補全短文練習(xí)

（一）What We Take from and Give to the Sea

As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it. We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds-even candy, and ice cream — as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water.(4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea. The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.

We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.

A Natural sponges become cleaning aids.

B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.

C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.

D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.

E We even use their bones for fertilizer.

F Some of its contents may cause illness.

（二）Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.

(1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling.

(3)

Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4)

(5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.

練習(xí)：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.

E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.

（三）Financial Risks

Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.

(1) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (3) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.

Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. (4) Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.

Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective

action to minimize their unfavorable effects5. (5) International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.

A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.

B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.

C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1

D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.

E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.

F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

（四） Development in Newspaper Organization

One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century ______(1)_______, which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue _______(2)________. Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story.

Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers _______(3)______. A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and _______(4)______. Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined ________(5)_______. Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.

A. to play an important role in newspaper operations

B. was the growth of telegraph services

C. and they usually enjoy great prestige

D. they are usually operated by a single owner

E. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costs

F. owned by a single person or organization

（五）Bedwetting (尿床)

Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. It’s so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids don’t tell their friends, so it’s easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed. ___1___.

The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, there’s a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid. __2__.

The most important thing to remember is that no one wets the bed on purpose. It doesn’t mean that you’re lazy or a slob. __3__. For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladders is full and don’t wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that he’s in the bathroom peeing – only to wake up later and discover he’s all wet. May kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers. ___4___.

Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend’s or a relative’s house. __5__. So the brain may be thinking, ―Hey, Don’t wet someone else’s bed! ‖ This can help you stay dry if you’re not aware of it.

A. The good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop.

B. Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log—they just stay asleep.

C. It’s something you can’t help doing.

D. just like you may have inherited your mom’s blue eyes or your uncles’ long legs, you probably inherited bedwetting, too.

E. That’s because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may no sleep much or only very lightly.F. But you are not alone.

(六)

Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancel However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. __________.(46)

No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke. from other people’s cigarettes.__________ (47)The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke.

The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past. scientists did not也ink that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker’s health. __________ (48)They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic(有毒的)chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It iS even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke.__________ (49)Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke

People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke. __________ (50)

A Recently,though,scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.

B The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.

C 111is smoke is called secondhand smoke.

D However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people,old or young.

E As a result,they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. .

F In the United States,nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

（七）Caribbean Islands

What would you See if you took a cruise to the Cartbbean Islands? Palm trees and coconuts (椰子)?White beaches and clear，blue ocean?Colorful corals(珊瑚)and even more colorful fishes and birds?

You bet There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea.They are famous for their warm，tropical climate and great natural beauty.

The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of me Atlantic Ocean，Some of the islands were formed by the eruption(爆發(fā))of ancient volcanoes(火山)______(46)

The Caribbean Islands are known by several names._____(47)The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India.Later,Spain and France called the islands the Antilles.There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea_______(48)These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles Together, they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean IslandsThe rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller.Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片)of exposed coral.You can see why pirates(海盜)such as the famous Blackbeard satled these waters._____(49)The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny Sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands.This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year______(50)

A But 1ife Oil the Caribbean Islands iS not always painful. B The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies，later changed to the West Indies. C Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean D They are Cuba，Puerto Rico，Jamaica，and Hispaniola. E Many tourists arrive on cruise ships. F There are countless smallislands to bury treasure or hide on. （八）A Heroic Woman

The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero, Ashley Smith, with the Federal Bureau of

Investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind. (46)She was moving into her apartment in Atlanta, Georgia early on the morning of March 12,when a man followed her to her door and put a gun to her side. “I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid,” she said in a TV interview last week. The man was Brian Nichols,33.He was suspected of killing three people at an Atlanta courthouse(法院)on March 11 and later of killing a federal agent. (47) Nichols tied Smith up with tape, but

released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life. “I told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn’t have a mummy,” she said. In order to calm the man down, she read to him from “The Purpose-Driven Life”, a best-selling religious book. He asked her to repeat a paragraph “about what you thought your purpose in life was-what talents were you given.” (48) “I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust,” Smith said. Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her. “He said he thought I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother,” she said. “And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people.” (49)She said Nichols was surprised when she made him breakfast and that the two of them watched television coverage(報道)of the police hunt for him. “I cannot believe that’s me,” Nichols told the woman. Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do. She said, “I think you should turn yourself in. If you don’t, lots more people are going to get hurt.” Eventually, he let her go. (50)A US$60,000 reward had been posted for Nichols’ capture. Authorities said they did not yet know if Smith would be eligible(有資格的)for that money.

A The local police were searching for him.

B Smith is a 26-year-old single mother with a daughter.

C Smith tried very hard to kill Nichols.

D She even cooked breakfast for the man before he allowed her to leave.

E And the two of them discussed this topic.

F Then she called the police.

（九）You Need Courage!

Shortly after I began a career in business, I learned that Carl Weatherup, president of PepsiCo (百事可樂公司), was speaking at the University of Colorado. I tracked down the person handling his schedule and managed to get myself an appointment. .(46)

So there I was sitting outside the university's auditorium, waiting for the president of PepsiCo. I could hear him talking to the students.., and talking, and talking. (47) He was now five minutes over, which dropped my time

職稱英語短文篇二：2015職稱英語補全短文譯文匯總

What We Take from and Give to the Sea

As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.

We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds 一 even candy, and ice cream — aswell as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water.(4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.

The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.

注釋：

Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too.還有不少金和銀的漂流物溶解在海水里。

Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life.把垃圾往大海里傾倒就是在把海洋生物殺絕滅盡。

練習(xí)：

A Natural sponges become cleaning aids.

B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.

C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.

D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.

E We even use their bones for fertilizer.

F Some of its contents may cause illness.

答案與題解：

1.E前面二句講了我們從大海捕捉大量的魚供人們食用，這句接著講“甚至連魚的骨頭也被 用來做化肥”。Even這個詞在這里清楚地表示了這兩句話的關(guān)系。

2.D這句話的前一句講的是我們可以通過水的蒸發(fā)從海水中得到一種礦物質(zhì)——鹽，這句話 則說除了鹽之外，水蒸發(fā)以后還有別的礦物質(zhì)留下來。

3.A前面講到除了礦物質(zhì)外，大海還給了我們珍珠、海綿和海草這三樣?xùn)|西。接著作者分別 用一句話來說明每一樣?xùn)|西的昂途。先講了珍珠,最后講的是海草，所以這中間的一句應(yīng)該 是講海綿的用途了o

4.F前一句話說了^們不能喝海水，這句話解釋了為什么不能喝，很自然。

5.B前面一句話用garbage—詞有力地回答了“我們給予大海什么”這個帶有自責(zé)性的問題， 這句話則是對這個簡單回答的具體解釋。

譯文：論我們給予大海的以及向大海索取的

自我們在地球上生活乏始，我們就開始利用環(huán)繞著陸地的海洋。我們向海洋索取的同時也在給予o

我們從海里捕魚——為了獲取百萬人的食物，我們每年在海里捕數(shù)千噸的魚，甚至連魚的骨 頭也被用來做化肥。我們從海里獲得物。制鹽的一種辦法就是將海水放在淺底的水池里直至水 分蒸發(fā)。除了鹽之外，水蒸發(fā)以后還有別的礦物質(zhì)留下來，還有不少金和銀的漂流物溶解在海水里。但是這些物質(zhì)不能通過海水的蒸發(fā)而被我們獲取。海洋賜予我們的禮物還有珍珠丨海綿和海 草。珍珠能做成珠寶，海綿可用來作為清洗東西的物品，海草可加工成許多種食品，甚至糖果、 冰淇淋以及藥品。不管你相不相信，淡水也是海洋賜予我們的禮物。海水不能飲用，其中有些物 質(zhì)會致病。但是去掉海水中的鹽分后，海水就變成了淡水。將來，我們會越來越依賴午從海水中 取來的淡水。

海洋給予我們食物、化肥、礦物、水資源以及其他的禮物。然而，我們又給予了大海什么呢? 垃圾。我們把大海當(dāng)做垃圾桶的時候污染了大海。海洋雖然巨大無邊,卻無法容納所有我們傾倒 進去的水。把垃圾往大海里傾倒就是在把海洋生物殺絕滅盡。然而，隨著世界人口的增長，我們 也許將會比以往任何時候都需要海洋以及它給人類帶來的東西。

我們最終認(rèn)識到，如果破壞了海洋，我們就將毀滅自己。只希望這個認(rèn)識還不算太遲。 Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.

(1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective

advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. (3)

Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4)

(5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.注釋：

concerned:作定語時常常放在所修飾的詞或短語的后面，表示“有關(guān)的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.

carriers and properties:指運輸公司和房地產(chǎn)公司。

optimum:形容詞，意為“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：適合 這種花生長的最佳溫度。

brochure:指具有宣傳性質(zhì)的小冊子。

seminar：研討會

conversely:相反地，反過來說0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude.練習(xí)：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.

答案與題解：

1.C本段第二句和第三句話都以人稱代詞they作主語，但所指不明。在大多數(shù)情況下，其指 代對象應(yīng)在同一段落的前文中找。C與這兩個句子在結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上都是平行的，時態(tài)也一 致，而且用travel operators這個名詞去替代這兩個句子中的they都講得通。

2.B這一句繼續(xù)講旅游經(jīng)紀(jì)人的工作,它同本段前三句話在時態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上一致或平行。

3.F指示詞this/that及其復(fù)數(shù)形式在英語中是重要的銜接手段，多數(shù)情況下this指上文剛剛 提到的事情或說過的話。本段第一句話說旅游顧問召開研討會使代理人熟悉新業(yè)務(wù)和銷售 技巧。承接這句話，F(xiàn)說“通過這種方式，代理人學(xué)會了怎樣對旅行自的地加以解釋以及向 游客建議各種不同的旅行方式及組合方式，如飛機、船、火車、公共汽車、汽車出租，甚至汽車 的購買”�！斑@種方式”就是指上一句話中的召開研討會，因而F是最合適的選項。

4.E本段第一句話說房地產(chǎn)公司和旅行社密切合作，達成了最為適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)議。這種協(xié)議兼顧 了顧客的方便和他們自己的財政方面的安排。E實際上進一步闡述了二者之間相互依賴的 緊密關(guān)系。

5.A寫文章講究句子和段落之間的銜接。第四段講到了房地產(chǎn)公司和旅行社之間相互依賴 的合作關(guān)系,A說“旅行社和運輸公司之間也存在著同等程度的信任”，像same, different (ly) , similar(ly), otherwise這樣的詞語有很強的銜接力，屬于指稱銜接(reference)中的比 較銜接。下一句話詳細(xì)解釋旅行社和運輸公司之間的關(guān)系，進一步印證了應(yīng)該選A。譯文：旅游業(yè)中的團隊合作

不同旅游部門之間越來越多的合作證明對有關(guān)各方都有益。政府機構(gòu)、貿(mào)易與旅游協(xié)會、運 輸公司和房地產(chǎn)公司都一齊致力于為旅行者創(chuàng)造良好的條件。

旅游經(jīng)紀(jì)人作為旅游計劃的專家提出廣泛的研究方案。他們了解所有的旅游區(qū)和所有運輸公 司的服務(wù)。他們的專長是組織不同類型的旅游活動以及準(zhǔn)備有效的廣告宣傳。他們把材料分發(fā)給 旅行社。這些材料包括雜志、小冊子和廣告項目。他們提供熟悉情況和組織研討問題的旅游，從 而使旅行社在短時間內(nèi)就能獲得有關(guān)他們正在推出的旅行活動的第一手資料。

旅游顧問舉辦各種重要的研討會以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通過這種方式, 代理人學(xué)會了怎樣對旅行目的地加以解釋以及向游客建議各種不同的旅行方式及組合方式，如飛 機、船、火車、公共汽車、汽車出租，甚至汽車的購買。

房地產(chǎn)公司與旅行社之間密切合作，達成了最為適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)議。這種協(xié)議兼顧了顧客的方便和 他們自己的財政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅館提供良好的服務(wù)，反過來，旅館依靠旅行社來完成 合同，招攬顧客。

在旅行社與運輸公司(包括汽車出租和觀光服務(wù))之間也存在著同種程度的信任。運輸公司 依靠旅行社來提供乘客，而旅行社依靠運輸公司提供受游客歡迎的旅行活動。所有服務(wù)機構(gòu)都以 提高效率、價格公平及使顧客滿意為宗旨。

Are Online Friends Real Friends?

Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ____(1)____. Are online friendships as beneficial as

face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having

virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.

Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. ____(2)____. They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.

Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. ____(3)____. Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like3. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you’re totally sure of who that person is.

Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. ____(4)____. In contrast, there are many people who believe that it’s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it’s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends. ”____(5)_(轉(zhuǎn) 載 于:www.newchangjing.com 蒲 公英文 摘:職稱英語短文)___. They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don’t share experiences in person4.

People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘a(chǎn)dd on’ in any relationship.”

注釋：

1.Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：現(xiàn)今這些問題成了人們熱議的話題。

2.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：當(dāng)你瀏覽社交網(wǎng)站和進人聊天室聊天時，你會很容易找到志趣相投的人。

職稱英語短文篇三：2016職稱英語新增文章五篇

2016職稱英語新增文章五篇

1.Primer on Smell

In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us?

Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.

Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.

With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?

That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___ Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain —— it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”

Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?

Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.”

What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?

Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.

詞匯：

scent /sent/ n. 氣味，香味

petunia /p?'tju:ni?/ n. 喇叭花

olfactory /?l'f?kt(?)ri/ adj. 嗔覺的，味道的

sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，聞，用力吸

注釋：

1. bring out：使……顯出，使……變得明顯

2. warn of：發(fā)出關(guān)于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.：警告某人某事

3. compare with：與……相比

4. happen to：發(fā)生于，發(fā)生在

練習(xí)：

A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.

B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.

C That’s not the rule, however.

D And smell tells us about people.

E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.

F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.

答案與題解：

1. D 根據(jù)后文提到的“我們能夠根據(jù)氣味收集到有關(guān)人的很多信息”可以推斷此處答案是D選項。

2. A 前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味舉例，選項中只有A選項提到了喇叭花。

3. F 前文提到人類和小鼠的嗅覺受體細(xì)胞數(shù)量，可以推斷此處應(yīng)介紹其他物種的嗅覺受體細(xì)胞數(shù)量。

4. E 后文都在介紹人類可以區(qū)分味道的不同，所以此處E選項最符合原文意思。

5. C 后文介紹了不是每個人都隨著年齡的增長嗅覺能力不發(fā)生變化，所以此處C選項最符合原文。 參考譯文：

嗅覺入門

嗅覺除了能讓我們感受到食物的氣味外，還能做什么？

美國約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)研究嗅覺的專家Randall Reed教授指出，氣味能提供給我們關(guān)于位置，關(guān)于我們在哪兒，以及有關(guān)人的信息�！盁o論我們是否意識到，我們能根據(jù)氣味收集到許多關(guān)于誰在我們身邊的信息，”Reed講道。

即使還隔著一段距離，氣味就能提醒我們注意很多麻煩：變質(zhì)的食物，煤氣泄漏，或是火災(zāi)�！八�是一個很好的警告，”約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)的醫(yī)生Donald Leopold說道。比方說，烤箱中有東西燒焦了，屋內(nèi)的每個人都會知道。

僅僅是簡單的氣味，嗅覺就會引起強烈的情感。比如說那種氣味就是紫喇叭花。它的氣味中有一種其他喇叭花沒有的香味�，F(xiàn)在我們想象一下，你的母親在你3歲時就去世了，她曾經(jīng)擁有一座花園。你不必去辨認(rèn)那種氣味或者有意識地回憶起你的母親或者她的花園，只要是你聞到那種紫喇叭花的香味，你就會感到傷感。

與動物相比，人類感知氣味的能力有多強？

那要取決于你所謂的“多強”是什么意思。我們?nèi)祟惖氖荏w細(xì)胞很少：目前估計人類有大概500萬個嗅

覺受體細(xì)胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一樣多。一只大鼠大約有1 000萬個，一只兔子有2 000萬個，一只尋血犬有1億個。

Reed談到，在不同的物種中，受體細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和嗅覺的強弱大體是正相關(guān)的�！叭说拇竽X中是幾乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的腦中，嗅球大一點。大鼠的腦中，嗅球有蠶豆那么大，兔子腦中的有你的小手指那么大，而尋血犬腦中的有拇指那么大�！�

這是不是就意味著我們的嗅覺不夠敏銳呢？

不完全是。盡管我們的嗅覺范圍可能沒有其他生物的那么廣，但是我們已有的受體細(xì)胞和其他動物的一樣敏感。我們也可以認(rèn)為，我們在有意（并且成功地〕努力區(qū)別不同的氣味。受過培訓(xùn)的鼻子，比如研究香水的專家的鼻子就能夠區(qū)分1萬種氣味并說出其名字。Reed說，一個香水專家可以在聞完一種含有100種不同香料的現(xiàn)代香水后，走進實驗室，列出這些成分。“一段時間過后，他調(diào)制出來的氣味對于你我來說都是那種香水氣味的完美復(fù)制，太不可思議了�！�

隨著年齡的增長，我們的嗅覺會發(fā)生什么變化？

許多人年齡增大時還會有很好的嗅覺能力。但并不都是這樣。指出，一個人的嗅覺在兒童時最強，在青少年時期一直到50多歲都保持不變，女人通常從60歲、男人從65歲開始下降�！巴ǔ�來說，80歲的人能聞到的東西是20歲的人能聞到的一半，”Leopold說道。

2.Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job

John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands. Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million. ___1___ And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.

After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.

For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. ___2___ Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of

his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.

During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. ___3___

Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. ___4___ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.

Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. ___5___ “It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.

詞匯：

taste bud 味蕾

texture /'tekst??/a/ n. 質(zhì)地

aroma /?'r?um?/ n. 芳香

vanilla /v?'ml?/ n. 香草

注釋

1. in one way or another：以某種方式,用這樣或那樣的方式

2. has spent his entire life with it：為此他已付出一生。spend.…with sth.：花（時間等）在某事上

3. on these occasions：在這種場合下

4. by comparison：相比之下

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