經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)短文背誦篇一：經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)作文背誦

One:

假設(shè)你是星光中學(xué)的李華，將參加主題為“Let’s Ride Bicycles”的英語(yǔ)演講比賽。請(qǐng)撰寫(xiě)一份演講稿，主要內(nèi)容包括：

1. 目前汽車(chē)帶來(lái)的空氣污染和交通堵塞等問(wèn)題； 2. 騎自行車(chē)的益處，如節(jié)能環(huán)保、有利健康等。 參考詞匯：低碳生活（low-carbon life）；節(jié)能（energy saving） One possible version:

Good morning, everyone,

I am Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School. The topic of my speech is “Let’s Ride Bicycles”.

As is known to all, with the improvement of people’s living standards, cars have become a popular means of transport, bringing great convenience to our life. However, they have also caused some problems such as air pollution and traffic jams.

How can we sove the problems then ? As far as I’m concerned, riding bicycles is a good solution. For one thing, bicycles don’t need any petrol and they’re energy-saving. For another, bicycles are environmentally-friendly because they won’t give off waste gas. What’s more, riding bicycles is a good way for us to exercise and it is beneficial to our health.

Therefore, let’s take the responsibility to build up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!

Thank you!

1. 眾所周知as is known to all

2. 隨著人們的生活水平的提高with the improvement of people’s living standards 3. 給??帶來(lái)很大的方便 bring great convenience to ?? 4. 解決問(wèn)題 solve the problems 5. 在我看來(lái) as far as I'm concerned 6. 一方面??另一方面??而且??

For one thing ?. For another?. What's more,? 7. be beneficial to? = be good for? 對(duì)?有利 8. build up 創(chuàng)建

Two:

Whether Students Should Use Mobile Phones or Not?

With the development of economy and technology, the number of the students using mobile phones is increasing. Its advantages can be listed as follows.For one thing, with a mobile phone in hand, a student can get in touch with parents conveniently. For another, mobile phones can sometimes be used as a dictionary if it is connected with the Internet, which is beneficial to students' English learning.

However, just as an old saying goes, "every coin has two sides", and this is no exception. To start with, getting in touch with friends as well as parents by the phone too frequently will surely have a bad effect on students' study. What's worse, it is common for students to get addicted to mobile phone games.

Through the above analysis, I believe that its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages. Therefore, students had better not use mobile phones.

1. 如下 as follows

2. 然而，正如一句老諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)得那樣，‘每件事皆有兩面性�！�并且這也不例外。 However, just as an old saying goes, "every coin has two sides", and this is no exception.

3. 首先 to start with 更糟的是what's worse

4. 對(duì)?有不良影響 have a bad effect on ? 5. 沉迷于? get addicted to

6. 通過(guò)如上分析， 我認(rèn)為弊遠(yuǎn)大于利。

Through the above analysis, I believe that its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.

Three:

北京將迎來(lái)2008年的奧運(yùn)會(huì)，請(qǐng)以主人的身份向外國(guó)朋友介紹一下北京和北京幾個(gè)著名的景點(diǎn)。根據(jù)以下提示寫(xiě)一篇短文。 1.北京是一個(gè)歷史悠久的城市； 2.北京有許多名勝古跡；

3.紫禁城是最受來(lái)賓歡迎的景點(diǎn)之一； 4.故宮非常漂亮和著名；

5.長(zhǎng)城也是非常美麗可去一看的地方 6.天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)是一個(gè)好去處，可去漫步。

注：參考詞匯：紫禁城 The Forbidden City 故宮 The Summer Palace 天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng) Tian’anmen Square

Beijing is a city with a long history. There are many places of interest in it. Now let me tell you some of them.

The Forbidden City is one of the most popular ones for visitors. It is very big and you can learn much about the history of China from it. The Summer Palace is beautiful and famous, too. The Great Wall is also a wonderful place to go. And Tian' anmen Square is a good place for people to take a walk.

I hope you will enjoy your staying in Beijing.

1. 名勝古跡 places of interest 2. 散步take a walk

Four:

假設(shè)你是高中生李越，有感于校園中存在的隨意涂寫(xiě)（to scribble）和亂丟垃圾（to litter）的行為，請(qǐng)用英語(yǔ)給校長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)一封100-120個(gè)詞的信。信中應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容：

1.說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信目的；

2.對(duì)這些行為進(jìn)行批評(píng)； 3.提出建議 June 8 , 2011 Dear Mr. Headmaster ,

I am Li Yue, a student from Class 1 ,Senior II. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behavior among us students; littering and scribbling. It makes our school dirty and unimportant, and does harm to the image of our school. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about.

I wonder if the school could place more dustbins around and set up specific rules against such behavior. At the same time, students should be encouraged to develop good habits and behave themselves. I believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future. Thank you for your consideration.

Yours faithfully， Li Yue 1. 我寫(xiě)信是為了??I am writing to? 2. 不良行為 improper behavior 3. 對(duì)??有害， 有損??does harm to 4. 同時(shí)at the same time 5. 養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣 develop good habits

6. 在??的共同努力下with the joint efforts of 7. 在不久的將來(lái)in the near future

Five:

假定你是李華，將于今年七月從新星外語(yǔ)學(xué)校畢業(yè)，你從報(bào)紙上得知BAB公司要招聘一名英文秘書(shū)，你很感興趣，請(qǐng)給該公司寫(xiě)一封求職信，包括下列要點(diǎn)： 1. 年齡：

2. 學(xué)習(xí)情況及英語(yǔ)水平： 3. 興趣和特長(zhǎng)： 4. 性格特點(diǎn)：

Dear Sir/Madam,

I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary.I'm really interested in this position and hope I can work for you.

I'm 18 years old and will be graduating from Xinxing Foreign Languages School this July. I'm an excellent student, among the top 5 in my class of 50 students. I'm good at English, especially spoken English. I often use the computer and I type very fast. In my spare time, I read a lot. Poems are my favorite. I enjoy music very much too. Being an active young person. I like sports and out door activities. Besides, I'm easy to get along with and I like to make friends.

I'm looking forward to your reply.

Your Sincerely , Li Hua

1. 特別，尤其 especially

2. 在我的業(yè)余時(shí)間in my spare/free time 3. 而且 besides = what's more

4. 期盼你的回信 look forward to your reply

5. 從報(bào)紙上我得知??I learn from the newspaper that ?

經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)短文背誦篇二：絕對(duì)值得背誦的經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)短文

絕對(duì)值得背誦的經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)短文

第一篇

01 The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.

Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.

This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.

Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.

第二篇

02 Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.

Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.

Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.

第三篇

03 The Definition of “Price”

Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system” of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price. 第四篇

04 Electricity

The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.

Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.

All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.

The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body. 第五篇

05 The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows.

In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.

Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

第六篇

06 Television

Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.

The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.

Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.

The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.

Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.

第七篇

07 Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.

Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said.

Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.

Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.

第八篇

08 American Revolution

The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.

America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.

Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.

第九篇

09 Suburbanization

If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense

against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.

With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.

第十篇

10 Types of Speech

Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.

Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.

Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

第十一篇

11 Archaeology

Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live - and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.

經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)短文背誦篇三：經(jīng)典英文背誦50篇(帶翻譯)

經(jīng)典英文課文背誦５０篇（帶翻譯）

>01 The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see

it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.

Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the

composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and

as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to

become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for

musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet

dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would

be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice

moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to

and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements.

Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in

tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are

already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility

to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the

hammers that hit the strings have to becoaxed not to sound

like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.

This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student

conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it

should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with

fanatical but selfless authority.

Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge

and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in

the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any

century.

01 音樂(lè)的語(yǔ)言

畫(huà)家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個(gè)人都可以觀賞到。 作曲家寫(xiě)完了一部作品，得由 演奏者將其演奏出來(lái)，其他人才能得以欣賞。因?yàn)樽髑�家是如此完全地依賴于職業(yè)歌手和職 業(yè)演奏者，所以職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔(dān)子可謂不輕。

一名學(xué)音樂(lè)的學(xué)生要想成為 一名演奏者，需要經(jīng)受長(zhǎng)期的、嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練，就象一名醫(yī)科的學(xué)生要成為一名醫(yī)生一樣。 絕 大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練是技巧性的。

音樂(lè)家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達(dá)到與運(yùn)動(dòng)員或巴蕾舞演 員相當(dāng)?shù)乃�平�?歌手們每天都練習(xí)吊嗓子，因?yàn)槿绻�不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的�?/p>

帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。 弦樂(lè)器的演奏者練習(xí)的則是在左手的手指上下滑動(dòng)的同時(shí)，用 右手前后拉動(dòng)琴弓--兩個(gè)截然不同的動(dòng)作。歌手和樂(lè)器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協(xié) 調(diào)。 鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因?yàn)槊總�(gè)音符都已在那里等待著他們了。

給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào) 音師的職責(zé)。 但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處： 他們必須耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓

音錘發(fā)出的聲音象是打擊樂(lè)器，而且每個(gè)交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂(lè)章清晰的紋理 是學(xué)生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學(xué)會(huì)了解音樂(lè)中的每一個(gè)音及其發(fā)音之道。 他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權(quán)威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂(lè)方面的知識(shí)和悟性結(jié)合起

來(lái)，單純的技巧沒(méi)有任何用處。

藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對(duì)音樂(lè)語(yǔ)言駕輕就熟，以致于 可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫(xiě)于任何時(shí)代的作品。

>02 Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people

go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today

children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction

between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.

Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.

Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the

shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes

both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole

universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a

revered grandparent to the

people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished

scientist.

Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often

produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person

to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in

education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive

term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start

of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.

Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose

general pattern varies littlefromone setting to the next.

Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately

the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar

textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that

are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the

workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the

subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are

not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems

in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.

There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of

schooling.

上學(xué)與受教育

在美國(guó)，人們通常認(rèn)為上學(xué)是為了受教育。 而現(xiàn)在卻有人認(rèn)為孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們 受教育的過(guò)程。 這種觀念中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的區(qū)別非常重要。

與上學(xué)相比，教育更具 開(kāi)放性，內(nèi)容更廣泛。 教育不受任何限制。 它可以在任何場(chǎng)合下進(jìn)行，在淋浴時(shí)，在工作 時(shí)，在廚房里或拖拉機(jī)上。

它既包括在學(xué)校所受的正規(guī)教育，也包括一切非正規(guī)教育。 傳 授知識(shí)的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機(jī)里進(jìn)行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子，

也可以是知名的科學(xué)家。 上學(xué)讀書(shū)多少有點(diǎn)可預(yù)見(jiàn)性，而教育往往能帶來(lái)意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 與 陌生人的一次隨意談話可能會(huì)使人認(rèn)識(shí)到自己對(duì)其它宗教其實(shí)所知甚少。

人們從幼時(shí)起就 開(kāi)始受教育。 因此，教育是一個(gè)內(nèi)涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上 學(xué)之前就開(kāi)始了。

教育應(yīng)成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上學(xué)卻是一個(gè)特定的形 式化了的過(guò)程。 在不同場(chǎng)合下，它的基本形式大同小異。 在全國(guó)各地，孩子們幾乎在同一

時(shí)刻到達(dá)學(xué)校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授知識(shí)，使用大致相同的教材，做作業(yè)， 考試等等。

他們所學(xué)的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運(yùn)作，往往受到科目范 圍的限制。 例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒(méi)法弄清楚他們社區(qū)里政治問(wèn)題的真情， 也不會(huì)了解到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。

學(xué)校教育這一形式化的過(guò)程是有特定的 限制的。

>03 The Definition of "Price"

Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by

which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among

buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed

of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as

well as those of a myriad of services, includinglabor,

professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The

interrelationships of all these prices make up the

"system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is

linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems

to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group

of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that

price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or

service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a

product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This

definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete

understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than

the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller

should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and

quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at

which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of

money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the

transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return

privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should

be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being

exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may

evaluate a given price.

"價(jià)格"的定義 價(jià)格決定資源的使用方式。 價(jià)格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)在買(mǎi)方中的配給 手段。

美國(guó)的價(jià)格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中一切產(chǎn)品買(mǎi)賣(mài)的價(jià)格，也包括 名目繁多的各種服務(wù)，諸如勞動(dòng)力、專職人員、交通運(yùn)輸、公共事業(yè)等服務(wù)的價(jià)格。

所有 這些價(jià)格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價(jià)格系統(tǒng)。 任何一種個(gè)別產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的價(jià)格都與這個(gè)龐大而復(fù)

雜的系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，而且或多或少地受到系統(tǒng)中其它成份的制約。如果隨機(jī)挑選一群人，問(wèn)

問(wèn)他們?nèi)绾味�義"價(jià)格"，許多人會(huì)回答價(jià)格就是根據(jù)賣(mài)方提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，買(mǎi)方向其付出 的錢(qián)數(shù)。

換句話說(shuō)，價(jià)格就是市場(chǎng)交易中大家認(rèn)同的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的貨幣量。 該定義就其本 身來(lái)說(shuō)自有其道理。

但要獲得對(duì)價(jià)格在任何一樁交易中的完整認(rèn)識(shí)，就必須考慮到大量" 非貨幣"因素的影響。 買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢(qián)數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和

數(shù)量，交易的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對(duì)交易物的質(zhì)量保證、 交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。

也就是說(shuō)，為了能估算索價(jià)，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方必須通曉構(gòu)成交易物價(jià) 格的通盤(pán)細(xì)節(jié)。

>04 Electricity

The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric

lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what

life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people

grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because

there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent

refrigerators.

Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more

than two centuries

ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of

years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may

hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.

All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats,

it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a

doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain,

too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an

electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living

cells are extremely small -- often so small that sensitive instruments are

needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have

become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as

muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked

together, the effects can be astonishing.

The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can send a jolt of as

much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it

lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As

many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are

specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it

can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.

電 當(dāng)今時(shí)代是電氣時(shí)代。 人們對(duì)電燈、收音機(jī)、電視和電話早已司空見(jiàn)慣以致很難想 象沒(méi)有它們生活會(huì)變成什么樣。

當(dāng)停電時(shí)，人們?cè)趽u曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索； 因沒(méi)有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車(chē)在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導(dǎo)致食物變質(zhì)。人們只是在兩個(gè)世

紀(jì)前一點(diǎn)才開(kāi)始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經(jīng)歷過(guò)了數(shù)百萬(wàn)年。 科學(xué)家不 斷發(fā)現(xiàn)許多生

物世界里可能有益于人類(lèi)的關(guān)于電的有趣秘密。所有生物細(xì)胞都會(huì)發(fā)出微小的

電脈沖。

當(dāng)心臟跳動(dòng)時(shí)，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來(lái)就成了心電圖，這可讓醫(yī)生了解心臟的 工作狀況。大腦也發(fā)出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來(lái)。

許多生物細(xì)胞發(fā)出的電流都是 極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測(cè)量。 但一些動(dòng)物的某些肌肉細(xì)胞能轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè) 個(gè)發(fā)電機(jī)，以致完全失去肌肉細(xì)胞的功能。

這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果將是 非常令人吃驚的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。 它可以在水中發(fā)出相當(dāng)于 800 伏特電

壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有 120 伏特)。 在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細(xì)胞都專門(mén)用 來(lái)發(fā)電，而且發(fā)出的電流的強(qiáng)度大約和它身體的長(zhǎng)度成正比。

>05 The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.

The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama

evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the

beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world - even the

seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through various means

to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measureswhich

appeared to bringthe desired results were then retained and repeated

until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which

explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals

were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided

material for art and drama.

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those

rites contained the seedof theaterbecausemusic, dance, masks,

and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had

to be provided for performances and when the entire community

did not participate, a clear division was usually made between

the"acting area" and the

"auditorium." In addition, there wereperformers, and, since

considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the

enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing

masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or

supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or

battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor might.

Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious

activities.

Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in

storytelling. According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or other

feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation,

action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each

of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater

to those dances that are primarily rhythmicaland gymnastic or that

are imitationsof animal movements and sounds.

戲劇的起源 關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個(gè)最普遍為人接受的理論 假設(shè)認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來(lái)。

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