L(zhng)c׃֮еЇ(gu)Rć(yn)(zhn)
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-19 Դ: ժ c(din)
ժҪоĿǰЇ(gu)ڵIJͬĸ˸ԭhŬʹʩԼЇ(gu)ҪҕĎׂ(g)Ҫ}
P(gun)I~
څ(sh)
O(jin)ƺ
ӹA͇(gu)ԁһֱڣhI(lng)(do)ڃ(ni)Ĵ(sh)Ї(gu)(du)ڮ(dng)Ї(gu)IJҵİl(f)չ(sh)^ʼϲSЇ(gu)ˌ(du)ʹđB(ti)ȡOwͻرܬF(xin)(sh)ĿȺڌ(du)ߵğoеʧͬr(sh)L(zhng)OwһЩŸڇ(gu)ҵijһضl(f)չr(sh)ڲɱ˳лرܬF(xin)(sh)ĿijN̶ϵĸܸ׃Ѵڵ͙(qun)ܴM(jn)(jng)(j)L(zhng)SW(xu)J^쵽(hu)׃g(lin)ϵ?c)DʾD(zhun)(hu)ijNF(xin)Ĵڼԭڌ(du)Ї(gu)W(xu)P(gun)ڸͷҊ⣬̽ڮ(dng)µЇ(gu)ʽڅ(sh)ͬr(sh)ӑՓЇ(gu)Ŭʹʩ
һfʽڅ(sh)
Ї(gu)һ(g)µĬF(xin)ëɖ|r(sh)ʹڸNʽĸ@c(dng)Ї(gu)ĸͥЇ(gu)ƶȰźR(sh)ΑB(ti)ϵľoP(gun)ϵ˸ĸǰЇ(gu)ĸʽһЇ(gu)(hu)ǽڌӼ(j)ϵĸ߶ȽM(hu)hC(j)P(gun)dz(du)(hu)ď(qing)(sh)˸ɱخa(chn)һЇ(gu)ĺL(zhng)һΕr(sh)һϵЇ(yn)ļo(j)Ҏ(gu)tƶȵļsY(ji)ό(du)ʽij(do)ƽxR(sh)ΑB(ti)P(yng)Ⱥ\(yn)(dng)IJl(f)𣬸ں̶ܴ̎ڱƵĠB(ti)ˣëɖ|r(sh)ڸʽͳ̶c(dng)Ї(gu)^(q)eʽc(din)ҪF(xin)ڣ
1 ëɖ|r(sh)Ї(gu)نTҪĸʽ֮һF(xin)ʽϵă(yu)Խк̓(yu)Խ@N(yu)Խк̓(yu)ԽԵı֣ҪهڸنTYõκͽ(jng)(j)ؙ(qun)ؙ(qun)ͷxëɖ|r(sh)ڷҪV
2 @Ҫڌ(sh)ʽ؛ʽF(xin)IJ̫ձ@?yn)?j)(jng)(j)Č(sh)УʹЈ(chng)Q̎ژOl(f)_(d)B(ti)نTʹõXҲyкmM(fi)wϿڸĸǰЇ(gu)ڌ(sh)ʽϵʹùنTę(qun)Vߵ֮gĽQҪѽP(gun)ϵW(wng)Ќ(sh)F(xin)P(gun)ϵߺTǸ\(yn)Ҫ
3 ؝VŲùҲҪĸʽ@N͵ĸǘOΣU(xin)ģ?yn)һܵ̎?dng)(yn)ҟoՓ؝VŲùĔ(sh)ǶܵđPͬӇ(yn)@ʹøنTeĕr(sh)dzɑܸ(yn)đP߀˾ϺϵģǵϺϵЕr(sh)߀wϵġһ(g)һN˸ӵĘ(bio)Ⱥоͳ(hu)Ĺڵųٗ(hu)x͔ҕw߀ҪȺđPoݟoֹĽҰl(f)h(yun)Ҳϴˢ˵Đuϵϵҕϵĉ(hu)ʹֹنTڸTǰ(hu)sǸF(xin)Ї(gu)M(jn)ĸr(sh)ںʽ̶ȺѴ׃(gu)H֪ķҺǺĬ(Heidenheimer) Ї(gu)ĸֳNͣ
1.ɫ؝VTŲùp_(qing)ȡ˽͵(gu)ˡ(jng)(j)ҪMɲ2.ɫ(sh)HОo(h)һN(jng)(j)О顣ҪǹC(j)(gu)I(lng)(do)ԼյĉŔԙ(qun)YԴM(jn)С(chung)աͨ^NϷϷͷǷ;ƃ(ni)ĸC(j)P(gun)c̘I(y)(dng)M(fi)P]ԼM(fi)ݳԊʘε3.ɫ@(gu)(hu)еһNО顱ļеƫ̻ΨHڷɌ(sh)ʩYԴό(du)Hă(yu)@NОяVB(do)˂(g)P(gun)ϵW(wng)ďV
@ЩЇ(gu)W(xu)g(sh)ձJ(rn)ɵČ(du)ʽĚw{F(xin)Ї(gu)ĸr(yn)صиͶҵڌ(du)Ї(gu)(hu)ĻԼЇ(gu)(jng)(j)(hu)D(zhun)ԵJ(rn)R(sh)Č(du)Ҫĸʽw{
1 һָ
@Nʽa(chn)Ї(gu)ƶȵⰲЇ(gu)(f)s(jng)(j)(hu)Mһ֡(sh)HքeָijһӼ(j)hߙ(qun)ăɂ(g)ˡ(dng)@ɂ(g)ƽЙC(j)(gu)ָһ(g)wڵ(qun)Mr(sh)һָֻhίӛġhίI(lng)(do)µķֹؓ(f)؟(z)ơƶȰҪ(w)L(zhng)ؓ(f)؟(z)ճę(qun)؟(z)Σ(sh)υshI(lng)(do)ͬӑՓ͛Q(w)hί(hu)hҪ(w)L(zhng)ͨhίӛhίһ(g)ʡhl(xing)ę(qun)ƽеhMˆTǽDZһNO(jin)ƺP(gun)ϵhMһһЌ(du)µĿƙ(qun)ͨڌ(do)˸һ֓оȡ(jng)(j)l(f)չęC(j)(hu)͵DZеǰίӛϣͬV΅^(q)ǰϯȫ(gu)˴ί(hu)ίTL(zhng)ɿ˽ܡ
2 ¸
ڮ(dng)µЇ(gu)MP(gun)ڹنTxijͷƶȻ(sh)ϣһЩطTijܷxεһ(g)ҪλߵλυsȡQ@ǷcߌӵI(lng)(do)е(lin)ϵ@N(lin)ϵHݡͬW(xu)ߌӹنTͬP(gun)ϵֱԽXVTI(lng)(do)Ƚϵ(lin)ϵIuλ¸ҪʽǏV΅^(q)ֿhԭhίӛνλa(bio)r(ji)M(jn)еuV
3 VT
Ї(gu)C(j)P(gun)ļL(zhng)xL(fng)Ҫę(qun)YԴͨۼڸߌӴεC(j)P(gun)طI(y)(hu)ˏ@ЩC(j)P(gun)еõ⃞(yu)(yu)òcߌنTTŔC(j)P(gun)ľo(lin)ϵͨ^VTYԴ䡢ƶϵP(gun)IP(gun)ϵD(zhun)׃?yu)˽P(gun)ϵ@NҪc(din)Ǟ^w桱ùXؔ(ci)M(jn)VT(dng)
4 M(fi)ИI(y)ͲT֮L(fng)
Ї(gu)ĻĻ(qing){(dio)(qun)ҪԺͻA(ch)ҕεȼ(j)(qun)ͨѽ(jng)(x)T䁏]ݳM(fi)ҕ֮(dng)Ȼȱǘӏ(qing)ҵļ{R(sh)ڮ(dng)Ї(gu)ؔ(ci)@ȻoSֹنT_֧(g)Ӽ(j)ĸنTҪNNϷϷ`ֶ픿ؔ(ci)ԾSݳ혷͵琺õġy(yM(fi)yPy) (j)Ӌ(j)Ї(gu)ÿ300 |ԪڹنTُ(gu)IAI܇M(fi)M(fi)Ŀ~s2500 |Ԫ
5 ̸
ձJ(rn)鹫ͶYǴM(jn)(jng)(j)l(f)չҪ?jing)@Ї(gu)Ȟ_(sh)еĹͶYنTṩեȡXؔ(ci)?sh)ęC(j)(hu)?yn)еḺ́@ζنT(sh)ϰ˵Ľɫؓ(f)cаӑr(ji)߀r(ji)؟(z)еؓ(f)؟(z)̵نTЙ(qun)Q̵ijа͵Ą(dng)C(j)cа̴ͨu̵ĻؿǷdz(j)Ӌ(j)ÿ(g)̻20 %ÁVTP(gun)نT
6 (qun)
Ї(gu)F(xin)̎D(zhun)͕r(sh)D(zhun)֮ǰfw ƵČԺm(x)ஔ(dng)L(zhng)r(sh)g(jng)(j)еA(y)ָ]ԺʢҪwF(xin)C(j)P(gun)е(qun)I(y)(hu)yԽ^߷(jin)ijҪ_һС͵ĕͲòͨ^һTČ(w)ǽĻ(w)ȲTwºκһ(g)MK(zhn)ˣЌ(qun)ĹنTЄ(dng)C(j)ù(qun)p_I(y)եȡXؔ(ci)F(xin)һNеf]X
X٣
X̮Ї(gu)ĬF(xin)
ɫɫĸЇ(gu)Ĵڿ^|Ŀ@(yng)ԓעǣ?c)ڮ?dng)³ʬF(xin)µڅ(sh)
1 ĸ߹ټҌٳɞ鸯wĸ_ǰߌӹنT|(zh)猒ķݣʳ~ԽXʽoԏЇ(gu)(sh)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)ԁߌӹنT܌(sh)ʽؙ(qun)ԽԽ٣cЩڸĸ_ĸA(sh)ؙ(qun)ă(yu)ԽԽl(f)@˝M؝еĹ(qun)ͳ\ȡ˽ֱӹߺֶΡ
2 ڔ(sh)ͳ̶ϴ(qing)Ї(gu)ďVHǷNĶӣwF(xin)һҪڔ(sh)ϵ20 o(j)80 1 fԪŵĽ(jng)(j)ﰸͿԱО鸯90 10 fԪĸѽ(jng)Dž^(q)^(q)С(j)Ӌ(j)ڏBTҎ(gu)ģ˽(gu)ʧ800 |š
3 w@Ͳⱡ
Ї(gu)κƶºa(chn)wͬһTͽMĹنTͨ\(yn)ƷxͬM(jn)и(dng)(sh)ԽنTM(jn)й\ĿԾԽ͵L(zhng){(j){(dio)4. 73 |ԪűŲÁk_k˾2000 97 c̵ĹنTиО@ӵİӱЇ(gu)κY(ji)(gu)Ӵε©ȱݡ
Ŭʹʩ
(dng)Ї(gu)(yn)صĸ΄(sh)ش(hu)MͿhܵhĸ߶ҕ20 o(j)80 _ʼѳɞhP(gun)עҪ}^_(ti)һϵЛQҎ(gu)o(j)ɺƶȁֹ΄(sh)M(jn)һЇ(gu)uM(jn)ĸc(din)΄(w)Ҫڽ(jng)(j)O(sh)(hu)(wn)Ŀ(zhng)L(zhng)ڵDhѽ(jng)˾ŬӴ˴Ҫʩ£
1 ͏(qing)NC(j)P(gun)Ʒƶ
1978 ԁؽSĻr(sh)cķC(j)P(gun)1978 ף͵طo(j)əzίT(hu)½ؓ(f)؟(z)O(jin)ͬΡ(jng)(j)(hu)MhI(lng)(do)˺hijɆTzԺԺҲ1978½O(jin)ɵČ(sh)ʩ{(dio)鲢V(jng)(j)ﰸO(jin)첿ط֧1987 ½ҪDZO(jin)نT͑P`o(j)ɵ90 ҪķC(j)P(gun)ķ؝ֱֽӚwٙzԺI(lng)(do)DC(j)(gu)ͼӏ(qing)ڷɺͼo(j)Ɍ(sh)ʩϵĪ(d)ԣho(j)əzίT(hu)ط֧C(j)(gu)O(jin)첿ط֧C(j)(gu)Ĺ֮gЅf(xi)ͨϵP(gun)ϵhļo(j)əzίT(hu)ؓ(f)ąf(xi){(dio)ָ]؟(z)@(xing)1992 څf(xi){(dio)(j)Tͬr(sh)߀ӏ(qing)ˌ(du)C(j)P(gun)ĴֱI(lng)(do)Ķ(qing)˷C(j)(gu)ę(qun)ͻ鷴TC(j)P(gun)
^ȥ20 h߀_չҪķƶȵĄ(chung)ºͽO(sh)һ(qing)Qߵ20 o(j)80 ĩ_ʼһЩطͲT_ʼLԇ_ߺʹʩƶ(zh)^Ա㹫ܸõıO(jin)Ǐ(qing)(du)ƶȻ(qun)M(jn)Ѓ(ni)ƵC(j)罻M(ni)O(jin)(qun)nj(du)(g)Ӽ(j)ҪنT(sh)ʩر͍ܺλ݆QƶҎ(gu)еĿh̎(j)ϼ(j)eĹنTÿ(bo)ӛһ(g)ؔ(ci)a(chn)rǽe(bo)M(jn)e(bo)ϵy(tng)1988 ڙzԺͱO(jin)첿֧ィe(bo)ͨ^Ԓże(bo)κν(jng)(j)タ(du)e(bo)Ⱥ(sh)бo(h)(jing)(l)Ϣ
2 (jin)_չ(zhng)
1978 _ʼЇ(gu)_չĴη\(yn)(dng)һʼ1982 Ĵ(jng)(j)I(lng)Ї(yn)ط(dng)Ķ(zhng)(c(din)̎xһ)
ڶ1983 굽1987g_չL(fng)ͼmµIJ֮L(fng)Ķ(zhng)@(chng)\(yn)(dng)S`ho(j)c(dng)Ĺa(chn)hTܵ̎h̎ϼ(j)e35 616 نTʼ1988 겢1989 °_(d)߳ķ(zhng)һنTR(j)ٷ(sh)(j)1989 zC(j)P(gun)յ11 763 (g)؝VTP(gun)İ58 726 (g){(dio)V20 794 (g)ﷸץwؽ(jng)(j)pʧ482. 86 |ԪšĴ1993 _չm(x)F(xin)ڵķ(zhng)@Ĵη(zhn)۲Hᘌ(du)ɫF(xin)Sʩֱᘌ(du)ɫ͡ɫ@
(1) ֹنTC(j)(gu)̘I(y)(dng)\(yn)l(wi)ǹ˾(2) (du)ڲͬTA(y)M(jn)мй(sh)Tġ֧ɗl(3) ֹC(j)P(gun)䁏M(fi)p(hu)hļĔ(sh)(hu)I܇kƷ_֧݄x(gu)(ni)֮L(fng)(yn)ݳM(fi)ʹù]M(fi)ȡ
3 (qing)˼빤T½O(sh)˼빤T½O(sh)Ї(gu)(zhng)ҪMɲ֡hҪӏ(qing)´ʩһùa(chn)x^ºbȫhM(jn)ՓČW(xu)(x)䏊(qing){(dio)(du)СƽO(sh)Ї(gu)ɫ(hu)xՓԼ(g)Ҫ˼ČW(xu)(x)Ҫa(chn)hThĸ(j)ɲ(du)hP(gun)ƶlҎ(gu)M(jn)ҙzͷʡǘӺģԹȫwhTɲW(xu)(x)LJ(yn)̎ʹ
hһϵзʩŬѽ(jng)յõЧcⱵ΄(sh)@ЩЧ߀@h(yun)h(yun)M(jn)һӏ(qing)ƶȄ(chung)ƽO(sh)(qing)(xing)ʩȻصh(yun)
Y(ji)Z
ǰЇ(gu)ĸͷ}ѳɞhRһ(g)(yn)(zhn)Ї(gu)Ăy(tng)Ļγu(x)TЇ(gu)ķ(zhng)(yng)ԓԼij·(sh)Ї(gu)ͷ΄(sh)(du)hfƺ˃y֣һhòŬֹĐsֺyȫĜش
ԭڣ
(jng)(j)(hu)D(zhun)ͺͽ(jng)(j)ٰl(f)չֵ׃(dng)Ǯa(chn)ͷ֮g䏑(zhn)һµĽ(jng)(j)(hu)زµī@C(j)(hu)ͫ@ܾоTڏ(qing)(q)(dng)ǰһhĸɲنT(jng)סTɞ鸯ķ̔@Ȼһfеδõ׃׃вصκƶȵİ֞һhĸɲنTǷIJṩ˱˸һ(g)r(sh)ڵĴںDzɱҪQĆ}J(rn)R(sh)}Ҫ˂ҕҳa(chn)ĸԴԱõظΣ(dng)ǰЇ(gu)ڙ(qun)ƶȺwƵIJ˂J(rn)R(sh)ޣ˼_(d)ˮƽĿǰֹ˂˽c(zhng)Ч;ǽƵę(qun)O(jin)ƺC(j)ԙ(qun)Ƽs(qun)@oζֱҪxЇ(gu)ζԣoՓLj(zh)hļo(j)əzίT(hu)ıO(jin)C(j)P(gun)߀˾C(j)P(gun)ĸ(j)zԺԼSѽıO(jin)C(j)(gu)?c)ڙ?qun)ıO(jin)ƺx߀ģ@˷ȺЧ
·(gu)O(sh)(hu)xƇ(gu)@h(qing){(dio)Ї(gu)ȴƶȰsʼKQǙ(qun)߀ǷĆ}(qun)^ȼкͲܼsʹκѽ(jng)ƶõķɶڈ(zh)׃|(zh)κһڏ(qing)(sh)(qun)Ľ׃һɴ^ƽO(sh)횾oO(sh)ĸԴЇ(gu)Kˎ^w(hu)cƵć(gu)ƵƵ(hu)֮gнY(ji)Ї(gu)ȡ÷(zhng)ěQ
[īI(xin)]
[1 ].Ї(gu)D(zhun)ڸͷ}о(ƪ) [J] .(jng)(j)(hu)wƱ^. 2003. 1. 2.
[2 ] Tony Saich. Governance and Politics of China[ M ] . First Published by PAlGRAVE Ltd New York. 2001.
[3 ] () P () R(gu)(qun). x[C] . (f)W(xu). 2003. 7.
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