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߿չµĹԿg

l(f)rg:2020-06-09 Դ: ժ c

|I(y)WWоڣ߿ 삥kg

ժҪ1990ԁ{ЈCcȫxxLϯxڞɘOֻUṩՓͬrҲɞ顰P]ԵĄNՓٶȻSǻϵΣCRһ҂횳Jy(tng)ĹՓܡɇęԹc࿹ʽFĹԡѽ^rڂxI(y)ռĕr҂oһN܉˽ĹՓ͟oFԵͨ^ͬrM㡰˽־ԸԌ`Ӂ_µĹgչ܉ʹÿһλЙCֱӅcĹԿgɞһoȵWn}

PI~Ԇ԰l(f)֧Ԯ͹ԡgFw־Ը߻`Ĺg

1.gήs

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Ȼ1970𣬹Ԇ}u˂ҕҰ M80ԡƺȫձ˵RʧˡĪ^ڴxmass democracyĝB͸ҵγɺ͂x@Ӱ푡80ĭr˽x_ʼӣձ֎衰˽¡һNcxġ˽ĕr˂xğ\Ӳɱήsc׃|һ棬ڂxص׻ͬreOMЈԭһ棬tγˌй„նolίнoҵęCK^(q)cط΅f(xi)gFwintermediate group“(lin)Yˣ˽c֮ý顪˥

@һ£1990xص±xеЈx̖īLjˡx^±x܌WЈCȫ挍ʩҎ(gu)ƾcpһ棬[Ó±xRΑB(ti)AؽҎ(gu)֏͂y(tng)ͥcͬwfđfѡxؔcfеļmpқQc؟ε̖£ȫЈxcȫx[1]@һďص׻̶ȿáЈԭּxݡ@NЈfܵĸCƼȫx힓PȫһN緶ȔUɢLUОڴқQc؟εIJı[һɡP]Ե

ȻSĭԼڳm(x)⵽˰Јfxȫ򻯵xΣ֮1990ԏd\ӡăA_ʼձ̧^[2]cͬrWҲؽՓӑՓٶȻScՓ»Sֲ˂xеһNP]ԵăڄΣCRһ҂ҲòJĹԿܡęԹc࿹ʽFĹԵČDʽȱɲPߌĹԿ顰͹ԡ\͹ԡČDʽJΘ@һԵġհ׵ĹgɞҪn}y(tng)ĹՓTڏĶԪĽǶȁաc˽PϵһNo߀ԭ顰˽ĹڂxI(y)ѝB͸󱊌Ľ҂o_һNͬr˽ġԡҕcôǟoʹԫ@

µĹgչDZԠ˽rǿͨ^܉ͬr˽־ԸԌ`Ӂ팍F

2.˽Ĺ

ͨr£ָһNԽ˽PνγəCơܵ˂ҕĹԴ¿Ʉ֞ƒɴ

һǡ͹ԡҊԹּȤŘI(y)ԼSoY˽Oõ@ֹ˂Q顰ĹһNӼĹԡһ񹫹Ի\͹ԡ@ͨ^_ӑՓ\ӵȷʽγݛՓԴһNҪfoҵýڵĹcʽ𹫱ݛՓԈs־ҕȴý_ĸNݛՓh(hun)\\Լƽ\ӵ\Ӷڵ͵\͹ԡ[3] (zhn)ձĹԆ}ʼK@@Զչ_

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ĹҪwF錦c˽ʽFġPעһNc˽£Լ飩ɵĹңPע@ЩԽ˽µĆ}ˌԵPġڂxI(y)ռĽ˂yԡc˽ČǰĹձʮ˽һ˶ЌܵSԣʹձI(y)͇҃(yu)ȵDͳɞ邀˃(yu)ĺ•һ˸^һ֮ձ߂ԇCđB(ti)ȌԆ}MІɵh(hun)ҕȹݛՓHµγɺoFsһNչ[Ʒ㡱Mչʾ

Ŀǰ҂ڴչһNͬr˽ġ˽ҕcԡ˽ʽFġԡͬ҂횏˽ОЌҵ_عԵCôβ܌F@һԸ

ǰһNQ֮԰l(f)֧Ԯ͵ĹIȡ͹@ˏVJͬI־Ը߈FwNPOǠIMNGOMӵg֧ԮӡM˂cӵijԴˌFӱsԮ˵ʽFڞϘ˹ԻA

־Ը߻ּЈṩ^ߵķԷսҪ꠵Ⱥkm(x)˂oڼĕrõrҲЧ^ͶyЈ҂ԏÿһλ˷Јľԣ֧Ԯ@һʽF԰l(f)Ԍ`Оȥҍµԡ

־Ը߻cNPO@ʾǘ֧ԮṩǼԴОԮĿxFҞǰ@һxv@˽^ڴ˽߱ԮО|̎톖}ǰԲͨxϵОڴˣ˵ҌFֱcߵPĺ͐o“(lin)ϵһҊ֧ԮӌһNȳ˽ֳԽ˽cߵ“(lin)ϵṩCО

׷|ܵռ֧ĵλ־ԸԻӱҕԵĵһЩI(y)ڽϫ@óɹ˂ߵʩОڴȻʣ෶ȻھS|A˂ѽ׷|ؔDPעڃrֵҌFĽrl(f)˸Եĸ׃ڴ־Ը߻ӳһN_JҴڵě_ؔu͙ī@
һNͨ^ԮKFҵĄәC
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־Ը־ĸߝqy(tng)ĹԶԪՓ͹c\ԡԵġͨ^ÿһλČ`ОչṩC

3. gFw

҂˼Ԇ}rc˽֮ýgFwintermediate groupҪcgFwڽڂc֮gǃߵýֳГ“(lin)Yc˽؟^Щ^։ԵgFwɱ˥Œa^شӰ푵^(q)cطνMȅ^(q)ԈFwʧȥáһԲHP֮ģ߀회@NP䌍̎܉εģtgFwĪ١

19o~˼п˾SCharles Alexis Henri Clerel de TocquevilleLry(tng)gFw԰l(f)MĸNYa˝dȤĴؓ“(lin)Yc؟εĈFwϿxϣȻڴ˺һošܵIJxĝB͸ԼԞĴāRʹl(f)_ҵgFwF@˥ˡ

PԞǰĽOyXҵćձgFwήҵĸԭ@һ߲HֱӌؔΣC͹wƵĽ߀Lˇهԡ@һ֞90ᳫصЈx؟εƒAṩ˿ڌ⏊ʳ͸CƵЈfxڟo(ji)ƵؔUқQc؟εʹc⵽ˇƉgFwܵďص׆ʧ

ͨr£gFwָ^(q)ΈFwNΕ͵طͬwȈFwҲÁʾ־ԸߣvolunteerMNPONGOdFwձ߀һӰ푾޴ʮֻSgFwИI(y)f(xi)ИI(y)f(xi)Г͹Ե؟ͨ^c˽II(y)cֱ“(lin)ϵ@ȻИI(y)FwһNמ顰õgFwŒSИI(y)f(xi)ȻɞĴԙC@ӵĈFwoГε؟

҂ҪڳԽЈc׷CƼƵķܵǰ£չµĹgògFwбҪһȲЈҲهɵMɵˡ|Ϣ֧ԮMý߶Ȱl(f)_ĽgFwĻ_ʼȫ@Щ˹ȫ򷶇MһƏV@ȻgFwĽOչµĹgʮҪx

҂߀ԓͥ^(q)ΈFwͅ^(q)ͬwȂy(tng)gFwO“(lin)Yc˽ȫµý׌°l(f)]еgFwڌҕ棬ԽOԞ鼺ε˂PҪǰͥΣCgFw̎ڱ߅ͥ͵طͬwԡԡҪgFwԴMHgHܽwF˸ͳ䌍w鼺ȻSFڅҲ˽Ԃxg˥}x_ͬԣ҂ܺҕc˾oBļͥطͬwľ޴Ҫʹ@ЩFwث@־Ը߈FwNPOgFwͱO(jin)ocߣcare mangerȥ֧ԮԮʹ֏ͻŒճI֧ԮطWУͬwąf(xi)empowermentȫ·ʽFĻԙC(c̎xһ)

_صģһNHĹ

ژo߀ԭЈĹԕr҂ò˼PI֮һ鹫c˽֮ýĹͬԾԓӵĽɫ}Mܾеطļͥ^(q)ͬwNPOcNGOdFwMͬ_̤صؽOcSocճPĵطͬӞ_ȫ򹫹ṩ˗l֮ͬrdgFw͂y(tng)gFwɷչµĹͨ^ߵĽYϘȫ򻯹ԵĘ^Ȼɞ҂21oroرܵҪn}

4.־Ը͹

1980ԺһƬʧcЈʧָ؟•У԰l(f)MĸNԮ_ʼ־Ը߻ӱJ֪ڲهcЈǰṩ^ߵķQ}ṩһЧ;

rڵ־Ը߻ӱҕһ־ձ־Ը߻ӵʽQ¼ձ񱊺yǷNԡϵʹxFĚWʽ־Ը߻俴ijЩصˡµ˜I(y)ȻgӿFľԮӞD˂K𲽽ܲ_ʼӴԡϵʹʽڵ־Ը߻ӡ^rϣ־Ըе˂ȫأS಻ҪĻyʹԮ΄յ˺ܶyMԮĿĵ־Ը߻ֵôᳫ]ƵęC˂ͬӌoõwF

@Ȼ־Ը߻Ӳǟoиɓ_ĪᣨSalamon, Lester M.ͬҕЈʧcʧһ҂ͬбҪֱ桰־Ըߵʧ־Ը߻ڲ׷ּԴ.؂YԴIJ.YԴĹìܣ.x͢.ȱI(y)ԵȆ}[4] Mˣ҂ȻJڵxŒMܴڸN}־Ը߻Ӳ]˶ͣDߝq־Ը߈FwoՓڔ߀Ҏ(gu)ģ϶ȡ˺ܴMչڴ˱£1998ձͨ^ˡضǠIӴMNPO־Ը߻ȡЈһNȫµ򣬌҂̽ԙCƾҪֹ־Ը߻҂߀]ҵκ܉˽չЧ;

־Ը߻Ԯ˞ǰОLԁһֱОķվƌWϿγcSϵǟoО@һǰ֮ϵ{(ji)Оɵķcìܣ˂PעĽcһ־Ը߻Ӆs@ٶLôδĻӅsܵõѸ͵İl(f)չ@@Ȼһֵ҂̽ӑĆ}^H{ʽĶԪՓ˼ǟoʾ־Ը߻ӳ挍әC

׷|ĵԄәCռ֧Եλ־Ը߻ӱҕ͵ОǸˌȺwʩһNО顣ڴԵһNm(x)|ѽõ˂_ʼؔDxFҵĽrl(f)׃־Ը߻ӵı˂ԇDCڵě_ؔu͵λ˂ͨ^֧ԮˌFЫ@ÿ옷š@һxv־Ը߻һNm˽ԅsО־Ը־ȻõˏV񱊵JͬMձĭܲ_1990x񡰾Sc|S˔֮ȣfڅ[5]

־Ը־Խ˂y(tng) c˽ĶԪYN_؍¹gĹԿ͹Ժͮa•\ӵ\͹õ˂ձPעڃ߶c˽ġĴڞǰlֹcОȱ횿˷˽ĵʼKռ֧ԵλҲf҂ᳫo˽ġОĆ³LzĴ҂yչһlͬr˽ġĵ·

־Ը߻ȫһNОͨ^_ؼ˽ġ־Ը͹@һ;ȥչ˽ĿgoՓڿ˷ʧ߀ǡЈʧԣPҪ⣬T\ҲԓD׃˼·ďĹD׃֧ԮρĂ˵˽Оȥl(f)FչԵĿ

҂횽һNȲίЈҲهɵġMɵ|Ϣ֧ԮFwңSýIJl(f)չ@gFwĻҲȫпȫ҂ڴȫ򷶇Եγɡ

ؽͥڃȵ^(q)ΈFwطΕȂy(tng)gFw҂ͬӾhxǰͥΣCķ̎ڱ߅ͥ@һgFwNӵĆ}̎ڳؓɠB(ti)ͥ͵طͬwһNԌFHgHܽwF˸ҳ䌍Ŀ߂䡰ͬԡĈFwȻSFij˽ԂxĝB͸F˥

ȻKx_ͬͥcطͬwճIȻʮҪʹgFwث@־Ը߈FwcNPOбҪԱO(jin)ocߵݣһ܉֏ͻԮWjŒFճIĸNdԈFw֧ԮطWУͬwąf(xi)empowermentȵȣԼһNHĹMܴy(tng)gFwcNPONGOdgFwͬ@ą^(q)ɫҪչȫ򻯹ȱ_̤ص_܇Ĺ

5.`湫ԵD

־Ը߻ӵ֧ԮО_صĹڂwڌ`иTʩĹԡڴȞҪoՓc߱ǷRОĹОcP@һxv֧ԮОһNпɲԵČ`ԹĹҪڹݛՓӑՓԒZ֧ԮAĹԄtҕһN`

ˣ҂ԌԄֳɌ`ĹcՓĹԃɴ`IȵĹҪָA\Լ˺չ_ĸN\cYxw࿹ķʽhʽFČ`һN|ˮƽҵĹԡȻFS|āR˂P_ʼDxMĮaI(y)֧ԮОӻĿǰѽɞҪ`ӡӱҲڲ_؍µĹԿg

ɷJݛՓcӑՓԒZĹgͬʮҪFҕ(ji)ĿеĻ˺֪RӵӑՓsʹԎ^păAݛՓҲoГȫĹ؟ÿһλОȥl(f)FCһʮҪĹ҂ͬrע،`cՓɂͬĹMܽӿFSϲgŪΑڿ^ʽķ̖ٿvsЌWXͶڌ`бҪʹ`cԒZĹ_ƽ⡣

֧ԮչԿgr[҂ǰҪ΄ҪŪһNճО֧ԮӵЧԆ}؛cȿýͨĽcοgڹҪ֧ߘOпc֧Ԯһ棬֧ԮҲOп܃HHͣڹoϾIɞһaԸѸͰl(f)չý֮ϵľWjՓ̓Mͬw񹫹ԣ17o18oFӢĿɳ‡xȹݛՓďͻҲܱ֧ԮОČ`ĹgиV韵ǰ

ָǣ҂̽ӑ}ĕrԓg顰С¡ǡ¡픢Ա^ֵȾһἰԾҪͨձ횡͡ˇҡôSȻxҕճԳҪ{ԒZĹ⣬߀회c˂ճОYһע؂xȥ_Ԃˌ`ǰĹg͟o_^˵ąc֮҂HҪeO_عݛՓӑՓԒZĹg߀չ־Ը߻ӼNPOȌ`ĹgԴ˞CM͹Եĸĸ

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[3] ߿:ζWhȤν|W2001,265

[4]Salamon, Lester M., Partner in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relation in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1995,pp.44-48.

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