F(xin)ɾcЇ(gu)Ԓ
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-08 (li)Դ: ժ c(din)
(ni)ժҪЇ(gu)ԒwĻĬF(xin)x
ͨ^(gu)ɴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)(du)Ї(gu)F(xin)I(y)ؕI(xin)
ͬr(sh)@ҲFĂy(tng)
(li)Մ@Щ(wn)}ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲڰl(f)P(yng)x҇(gu)F(xin)M(jn)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷĻģҲf(shu)εľ΄(w)ꆢɵľʷɷ傀(g)䣬M(jn)S܉EHІʾ
P(gun)I~Ї(gu)Ԓ
F(xin)
x
һ
ԒЇ(gu)аvʷһNĻӰ푶a(chn)čµđ(du)Ї(gu)F(xin)I(y)ؕI(xin)ʲôFĂy(tng)ʲôwĻʲô(li)Մ@ЩԒ}(hu)ʲôF(xin)(sh)x@˂?c)ڼo(j)Ԓr(sh)ȻشĎׂ(g)(wn)}
ӛ1997Ԓʮo(j)r(sh)һ(g)ȫ(gu)ԵČW(xu)g(sh)ӑ(hu)ǴΕ(hu)ͬ־ԡ(zhn)ԡ(g)ց(li)شЇ(gu)ԒĂy(tng)ĻĆ(wn)}J(rn)@Ҳǽ҂Մ?w)@(g)Ԓ}r(sh)(yng)Ė|Ȼ(dng)r(sh)Ҿ˲ͬ^c(din)Xá(zhn)ԡ@(g)ֲH̵ؽʾ(f)svʷ挍(sh)òζhζ̫߀(hu)(do)(du)Ļ֮ԡˇg(sh)֮ԡĺԣЇ(gu)@Nʮ֑Tģǡǡ?yn)@N҂ġ˵ľ߶ȡĻr(ji)ֵ^@һЩ(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)(li)f(shu)ҪĻҕǁ(li)^솖(wn)}̫࣬͛]Ļλá[1]ȱʧ@ӵҕ҂Ͳܱ^ǡ(dng)?sh)u(png)r(ji)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)Ěvʷͺ(jin)λλġTԡњvʷͿɆɫĶĨЩԓĨĖ|϶Щԓ϶Ė|19571960ݵġٳD@ӵԒ֧֡ɡ(zhng)䡰(zhn)ԡ(qing)(qing)(dng)Ȼ(qing)䌧(do)ַ١¡_(ti)(sh)١ꂥҲwĻr(ji)ֵ;ָϵĴ(wn)}ˡ ȥ桱qŰʽɱc_ٳD(dng)Ȼ(hu)?yn)顰ɡƽٱ϶?du)@һijһr(sh){(dio)Ӷ質đƷy߀ֵԡ(zhn)ԡԿ϶
ιڅcb(zhng)Z(qun)^(gu)УȻ(hu)γɡ(zhn)ԡ(zhn)ԡ@һ(g)(li)܊ОĿ̖(ho)Ļ\(yn)б횔[Ó˼SbOߠΡˡȥ桱ı|(zh)r(sh)f(shu)ڡ@һcơeԵI(lng)kɵ˼롱wϽy(tng)ζ(zhng)ĻA(ch)бܵĴֱx[2]ڸĸ_O(sh)C(hu)Ľy߀Ҫ^(gu)ȥǘԡc춷cضc˶y߀Ҫԡ(zhn)ԡ̖(ho)٣ȥa(chn)ǷNM˼SԿֲƔġA(j)(zhng)ޑ伯ߡӰһ˵ԡF(xin)^tɫ(jng)䡱\(chng)Ȼvʷϴ_(sh)^(gu)ֱӞζ(zhng)(w)ĘVʽM˼S̗lԒƷǮa(chn)1949꽨(gu)֮ǰ30Ϻġo(w)a(chn)A(j)ctɫK^(q)ġr(nng)еSĚvʷr(ji)ֵZ(qun)еؕI(xin)(yng)һPĨеЩƷҲo(w)xăA(dng)r(sh)Ľy(tng)Ҫɡ˙(qun)@ЩƷwԡԡԡP(gun)Ѻ͌ȤԸ؎yԱġˡȥ桱øߠԒf(shu)ξһDzɱġ@ʹc˵F(xin)挍(sh)@ЩmԵˇg(sh)λ_˾x(du)@һЩƷ߀ҪԺ(jin)λӲġ(zhn)ԡ(li)϶֮Դˁ(li)ĻͲm(dng)?sh)ؿ϶eOķ棨ĆɃA(hu)Oķ棨ԡгеġˡȥ桱֮ף϶(li)顰õĂy(tng)ڽ(gu)֮ƽa(chn)ĴƷtyf(shu)߀ʲôֵÿ϶Ė|ˣ(dng)ȻijNJ(rn)R(sh)x֮(zhn)ԡܿƌW(xu)̵ظ҇(gu)Ԓă(yu)y(tng)cĻڽ죬(zhn)ԡᷨ߀oЩ(jin)ӹ(hu)W(xu)˼SΌ(sh)xĻxĻ(chng)ڌ(sh)`^m(x)Ӻɔ_I(y)пɳ֮C(j)ͬr(sh)@Nf(shu)Ҳ(hu)oW(xu)F(xin)HͻF(xin)Ԓṩڡцɺεͬ(li)f(shu)ġɾΡ(zhn)ԡ˺(li)ġĻѡġcĸɻһՄԷġĻ\(yn)(dng)M(jn)߀҇(gu)ġF(xin)ԡԒĮa(chn)Ͱl(f)չǡǡ҇(gu)F(xin)һ(g)Ҫ(bio)־҇(gu)ġF(xin)ԡҲ͵ڷ҇(gu)ԒĴx
_^Ďׂ(g)(wn)}Ȼá(zhn)ԡ(li)شô_Ĵ𰸑(yng)ԓʲôJ(rn)Ї(gu)ԒwĻĬF(xin)x
ͨ^(gu)ɴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)(du)Ї(gu)F(xin)I(y)ؕI(xin)
ͬr(sh)@ҲFĂy(tng)
(li)Մ@Щ(wn)}ĬF(xin)(sh)xҲڰl(f)P(yng)@һ҇(gu)F(xin)M(jn)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷĻģҲf(shu)εľ΄(w)
҂J(rn)ԒĚvʷxεġ(zhn)ԡĿF(xin)
҂Ҳ횿Ļr(ji)ֵ(du)Ї(gu)(hu)ṩ^(gu)⡱͡ᡱ(du)ʷl(f)]^(gu)õЩMF(xin)xđĄČW(xu)_(ti)ݳ҇(gu)Ԓң(hu)(jng)vĻB(yng)ʹdžx߆xвЕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)顱ʧԣSȥЩڅr(sh)(yng)ơΙ(qun)(sh)ʧ֮1958hġʮˮ(k)ġtԺȣĻɫdžɡ˵ĬF(xin)҇(gu)ԒʷhخܷW(yng)ٻᡢꐰm⡭Լ1949֮_(ti)塢ҦһȔ?sh)ȵ?dng)͑(chung)Ļ(chng)r(ji)ֵAԿһ}F(xin)xĂy(tng)(ni)ஔ(dng)Sɫʸͬ
@f(shu)@ЩA˼Ȥˇg(sh)DzһӵЇ(gu)F(xin)֪R(sh)ӡՓxA߀xAģ˵ĬF(xin)eo(j)~(hu)ͬԸ҇(gu)Ԓ@һʽҪɬF(xin)֪R(sh)ӷeO(do)c(chung)ģЇ(gu)F(xin)֪R(sh)ӵĚvʷʹdžǏ˼ĻϽoЇ(gu)F(xin)I(y)
ʲôǡɡ
ձxvһN˼ĻF(xin)(jin)֮ǽ֪ԣf(shu)ĆɡEnlightenment~ǡ⡱ǰ˵ɱζް^XF(xin)x_@(g)W(xu)ԣ20o(j)(hu)W(xu)f(shu)ġF(xin)dž˼f(shu)ġ[3] һЌƽy(tng)ξx_о_֮g(sh)ˡ]^s߀[4] ɾnj(du)˶(li)ϲgv_ؾĿgǽo˱_(d)˼ijɡ˂(yng)ԓӛÿԏጡɡr(sh)һԣһxԿ϶ɼ[5] f(shu)һ(g)ʮձĵҎ(gu)
xf(shu)18o(j)l(f)^(gu)һ(chng)Ӱ푾h(yun)ġ(bio)־ˡ֮Xѵ˼Ļ\(yn)(dng)҇(gu)ĩҲ^(gu)Ƶ˼ĻAa(chn)δγɴҎ(gu)ģ\(yn)(dng)l(f)20o(j)ġġĻ\(yn)(dng)ھcĆx(lin)ϵҲcĆ(yng)ڬF(xin)ձ鱻飺ڡv(g)vڡȺvv
˵˼ķԵڰнų(li)ı`B(ti)½ų(li)ʹ֮낀(g)ɡ(gu)@һNCĬF(xin)ˡɞF(xin)֮ˡ(gu)ɞF(xin)(gu)x_@ЩҪO(sh)C(hu)ȫһԒ
vʷ(sh)ѽ(jng)CΨЬF(xin)ɾЇ(gu)Ԓr(sh)@r(sh)[r(sh)(qing)r(sh)ĿFy(tng)Ҳ@һͨ^(gu)(chng)ݳ̈́xl(f)Ї(gu)˵˼ź;ڴM(jn)˵ĬF(xin)l(f)]˷eOĶƄ(dng)Ї(gu)F(xin)M(jn)̡M@(dng)гM˾ۺͷ(f)\(chng)Ȼˇg(sh)ʽԊ(sh)Сf(shu)ɢ(bo)ČW(xu)Ҳͬܰl(f)]ɵ˵ļw_w(yn)ıڂܷʽϵă(yu)(sh)ʹ(hu)Ը(qing)(du)˵ОӰeܵx\(yn)(dng)ҕ[6]vʷϵĎׂ(g)P(gun)Ir(sh)Ԓ\(yn)(dng)֮eS?yn)@һc(din)ǰ1907ġū䛡F(xin)Ї(gu)Ԓc(din)ġr(sh)(g)2030ĬF(xin)ԒڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)Є(chung)˹xI(y)(j)1949֮1956195719781989@ɂ(g)r(sh)УԒҲedʢl(f)˱^(hu)Ӱ푡]ЬF(xin)ɾ@ЩDzܵġЇ(gu)ԒĻֻЏĆԺͬF(xin)R(sh)@(g)Ƕȁ(li)ŸՓͬF(xin)(sh)x@f(shu)(li)Ԓ҇(gu)Įa(chn)Ͱl(f)չQHHڂy(tng)đ֮һ(g)µ_(ti)ʘ(l)ʽ(sh)ϣԒvʷxһ(g)Ļʹԑˇg(sh)Ї(gu)˵ľ˼ĻI(lng)(g)(gu)ĬF(xin)_پ֮·
߀˰ш(jin)֡(zhn)ԡc(jin)R˼xͬ(li)@һ(g)J(rn)R(sh)`^(q)R˼xcĻr(ji)ֵ^иĚvʷ(lin)ϵ猦(du)ˡĆ(wn)}ĻR˼˹YxYxƄ(dng)(hu)ĬF(xin)F(xin)ڡˡ˵ġ(wn)}ҲYa(chn)A(j)Yx(hu)(du)Ƅ(dng)^(gu)YxF(xin)I(y)ġɡĻs^кͰl(f)չR˼xڽQ˵ġ(wn)}r(sh)ա^l(f)չxȡ֮t(hu)NNΆɡάF(xin)ԡ(li)Σѽ(jng)Ŀ֪ˡ꡶a(chn)hԡһ(g)Ҫ^c(din)𣺡ǴA(j)A(j)(du)Ya(chn)A(j)f(hu)@һ(g)(lin)wÿ(g)˵ɰl(f)չһ˵ɰl(f)չėl[7]@ǡǡf(shu)R˼xcF(xin)R(sh)һԡЇ(gu)ԒʷЇ(gu)ꆢxĻһᆢɣر܆ɣǛQȻՄЇ(gu)ԒĚvʷՓĻ(wn)}
80ԁ(li)Щȥλڷ͡☋(gu)ɣ?yn)ֻɺε?lin)ϵȫߵą^(q)eɾ͡(zhn)ԡP(gun)ϵɡ͡ΡP(gun)ϵһӣ(lin)ϵЅ^(q)e̎ͬһ(g)Ļϡ\(yn)(dng)п׃\(yn)(dng)\(yn)(dng)Ҳ(hu)چɵďԳ_M(jn)cѣڰ(dng)`Čcǔʷy(tng)g(sh)еҪһh(hun)\y(tng)v(zhn)ԡͷֲ@ɷNҲͷֲ憢cنɣɱΣڿՑ(zhn)(zhng)(wn)Ԓˡخ]ʲôϵġ(zhn)ԡЏ(qing)ҵĆɾJ(rn)R(sh)Լɺ(yn)_y(tng)ε؇efͥfwfr(sh)ȥˡF(xin)@cδ(li)(lin)ϵ(zhn)ݳġوDꐰmtһ¶Ї(gu)h֮Sϲ]ІµɡR(sh)ô(hu)ϬSأ^(gu)ȥЕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)ѡˡوDĆɾf(shu)ɡ(zhn)ԡ(c(din)̎xһ(y))
ǃHHָƷ˼Aа(zhn)f˼fď(qing)Ҫѡ@Ȼ֧ˡوD}Σ@[cѣָߵһԣ
60ġޑA(j)(zhng)cĸеġӰеcǔָߵČ(du)ԣôϵġ(zhn)ԡԽ(qing)ң侫(sh)|(zh)Ļr(ji)ֵ^ϷF(xin)˵Ć(wn)}ԽӇ(yn)o(w)Փôf(shu)ܰцɾϵġ(zhn)ԡһՄ
҇(gu)Ľ(jng)(j)ĻQ֮(hu)˼˵׃DV֮УSF(xin)M(jn)̵ۺͷ(f)ھĻr(ji)ֵ^һֱcɵČ(du)ĥc(zhng)@˵ĬF(xin)ǰڃ(ni)ĬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)ĸҪҲf(shu)vʷwġˡҪھB(ti)ϳɞ顰F(xin)ˡ[8]҇(gu)F(xin)ʷԒ\(yn)(dng)Ԓ(chung)d˥ʧƳҊ˵ĆԵĽ(gu)ؽԱe˵ľg_]cU(ku)չM(jn)ˡ֮gxcF(xin)I(y)һ£vʷشһ(g)Sε܉Eѭ@(g)vʷ܉E҂Ї(gu)Ԓ֮ꡱĆɾɡ(g)ԵεR(sh)˵Ե(yn)һ棬@ʹЇ(gu)ԒʮP(gun)ע(hu)ģܲ(wn)ӱΣ
һʹܳԽ(hu)(hu)εĸӹHP(gun)ϵ_(ti)(sh)|(zh)ھI(lng)ġ(du)ԒһƷλĸߵ(dng)ȻǿĻӡbҪ@(du)Ԓ֮o(w)ɣĸߵc҆xď(qing)o(w)P(gun)ģܷġˡĸ߶׃(hu)HP(gun)ϵIJCC
һλҪȥλf(shu)vɾǻصιߵ·ȥ@?yn)ֲ冢cεIJeĶҲͲĻɾ(du)һˇg(sh)ˇg(sh)ҵ`xֻё(dng)һN(wn)(wn)`ġˇôҪ_u(png)r(ji)Ěvʷ͌(sh)`һdzy@λ?yn)鿴ɵĬF(xin)r(ji)ֵƺаvʷЇ(gu)Ԓ߀㲻҂ʹ㣬Ҳ^(gu)HHDZNеһ(g)[9]J(rn)ֻTĴRɽȾ݆TcҲš20o(j)ǰ~Ї(gu)߳ɾ͡[10]@ԶһЩĻxζxԵġJ(rn)ͬcgY(ji)(hu)ʹ֪R(sh)ĻxK(du)̽Ҳˇg(sh)(chung)NNĻxǶƺɔ_҇(gu)F(xin)Ԓl(f)չı˼ʲô҇(gu)F(xin)ԒǷN_(d)߶˼;տˇg(sh)y(tng)һľ硢Qһ(jng)Ʒ?yn)ȱǷN(qing)ҵwR(sh)߶ȵɾΌ(sh)R(sh)ֿô(qing)ˇg(sh)R(sh)sஔ(dng)ҿ@cvʷL(zhng)õČxĻ(du)ɾĶP(gun)Ҳcٹ̵Ļx(du)(li)(yu)ĻĵP(gun)҂(li)o(j)ԒɾM(jn)𡢷SΚvʷ܉Eܲ|@ЩP(gun)I(wn)}
@(g)F(xin)ɾM(jn)˵S܉E¿Կ֮@傀(g)vʷĶÿһΡՏһ(g)¶Ї(gu)߳o(j)~F(xin)ľʷԺ͏(f)s
һ(g)40꣬@Ї(gu)Ԓѿ19o(j)ĩ20o(j)l(f)չ20o(j)^20꣩죨20o(j)30ĕr(sh)@һvʷr(sh)ή(dng)F(xin)xăɴ픳ΌxcĻx]ֹͣ^(gu)(du)F(xin)ĵ˼롢Ļl(f)չĿڅ(sh)⡱cڅͬJ(rn)Ļr(ji)ֵͨԺͬԣJ(rn)ͬM(jn)ĻЕr(sh)F(xin)͡(ni)ͬR˼x˴˄(sh)(li)cxȡһµĻ(chng)F(xin)Ԓx(q)˼롢ϵĺڰB(ti)I(lng)@һˇg(sh)۵ĵ·ϲǰM(jn)Щ(yu)Ʒľo(w)(li)˼(g)Խ(li)Ԍ(du)mȻ(dng)ć(gu)ḩĻxP(yng)(gu)W(xu)(gu)⡱(li)(du)ϵČxһM(jn)˼K]ֹ҇(gu)F(xin)M(jn)̡
ġr(sh)cԒP(gun)
1(du)fҪǾУ
2(du)F(xin)ԒĵĴᳫ
3(du)ײx IbsenismďVP(yng)
@c(din)ڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)һҲcԒdʢѪP(gun)ĸ_ٵ·
(du)fmȻo(w)ƫHʧ(dng)֮̎ҪȱvʷxqCȱˇg(sh)˂y(tng)W(xu)ϵɫԼڬF(xin)׃ıҪcܣ@һڏ(qing)ı(sh)ĬF(xin)_·ɛ]ЩʿW(yng)ٻҲ(du)fǾһЩc(din)硰ɫˇϣȫȻȱʽĘVġc(ni)ϡĘVġȥ桱ľìȵȣҲǺo(w)ʹ쿴(li)Ҳo(w)l(f)@У(du)ЄĘI(y)ˆTҲһάF(xin)^ĽtfҲ(hu)ȥX،m(yng)r(sh)^ˇg(sh)֮·F(xin)ЩС(gu)Y(ji)˄(dng)máġt(du)fЁ(li)f(shu)f(shu)ȫe(cu)`@f(shu)Ļx(chng)֮߀f(shu)ʲ
Ԓ\(yn)(dng)ֱP(gun)ϵF(xin)˵˼Sͱ_(d)(du)ČW(xu)ˇg(sh)ĬF(xin)P(gun)ҪQЇ(gu)ĹŵΑB(ti)F(xin)ΑB(ti)D(zhun)͵Z(y)Ԇ(wn)}mġ˲xf(shu)ԒėlֵעǡҪf(shu)ԼԒef(shu)e˵Ԓʲôr(sh)f(shu)ʲôr(sh)Ԓ@ӵᷨ[11](du)F(xin)ČW(xu)͑Z(y)Ա_(d)ĸĸl(f)˾ӰԒҪڷʽǡ(du)Ԓ]аԒ͛]ЬF(xin)ԒH]аԒF(xin)hZ(y)һЩطԽu(png)Լ¾F(xin)ҲDzO(sh)Ԓ֮dʹdԒȡČW(xu)ϵăr(ji)ֵ͚vʷλ҂xخǘӽ(jng)đZ(y)ܲxġԒ\(yn)(dng)ڲδ20Ԓ\(yn)(dng)tʹhĭ݅ǘӸԊ(sh)~đČW(xu)ϵĵλǹ̶[12]֮]СġԒ\(yn)(dng)͛]ЬF(xin)˼Sͱ_(d)ķʽ͛]ЬF(xin)Ԓ֮Ԓ
䑪(yng)ԓ(qing){(dio)(du)mġײxһ^(gu)ȥһֱ]ᵽ@ӵĸ߶ȁ(li)J(rn)R(sh)҇(gu)F(xin)xĽ(jng)īI(xin)֮һҲ҂_F(xin)(k)һ耳Ї(gu)F(xin)^(gu)ײ͡ײxl(f)^(gu)Ӱ푡l(wi)˵Ă(g)ɺ(yn)(hu)؟(z)ǡײxĺľ@һ(hu)ӳF(xin)(sh)F(xin)˵Ը\(yn)Ķҳ(hu)֮@ײĬF(xin)(sh)xҲ҇(gu)F(xin)ķײǾxȫr(ji)ֵġ(gu)Ų(j)˹ڮ(dng)r(sh)֮ԳF(xin)ČW(xu)s?yn)ǷN(hu)B(ti)a(chn)˔[ÓūԵġˡֻ@ӵˣСԼԸԼׄ(chung)ĺͪ(d)ľ[13]mġײxOĴľ@Nr(ji)ֵ^Ļ(chng)҇(gu)F(xin)ԒĆx·ɴ˴_2030a(chn)һ(yu)ㄡƷwF(xin)@NɾM(jn)Ї(gu)ˬF(xin)R(sh)XՓhܷ߀DzخԒ֮(yu)֮֮z^֮꡷ճ֮Ϻ¡֮@^(gu)Ǵ졷ȵĸ(g)ǶȌ(du)⽨xĽ¶У(du)ƌW(xu)ɵĺc(du)Ե_B˞鱾ĬF(xin)ɾ
30ġc1942֮ǷN߶λ˵ĘOͬǰǡҰڷ(du)(gu)hxcɵĻ(chng)һ£Щ턡h˵ƷԳMx
߄tȻǡ(dng)(qun)ߵĹߣԵؓ(f)ӰԽ(li)Խ䷴ɵ|(zh)tҪ1957֮ſҊģֵһǣ30ܷںӱʡh_չġr(nng)(sh)(yn)ҲnjڬF(xin)xĻ\(yn)(dng)֮һġһ\(yn)(dng)x|(zh)]ȥǷNϡҡġ(zhn)ԡԯr(nng)ġF˽ĴYּ҇(gu)r(nng)ݔһNϵR(sh)Ԓz^dzƌW(xu)š(q)^(gu)ȡǹĴr(nng)(hu)ģ@ĆxA^(gu)ȥ(du)оJ(rn)R(sh)ʮw\
ڶ(g)vʷĶĿՑ(zhn)(zhng)_ʼ(gu)s15r(sh)g@һr(sh)Ї(gu)Ļڅ(sh)һ ⡱D(zhun)(ni)(ni)c(f)šY(ji)ϣ|@ġ|ָcĻČ(du)1938_ʼġ廯(wn)}Ġ(zhng)Փf(shu)ڿ(zhn)Ĵ̼ʹ(gu)˵۹Ɍ(du)mĻr(ji)ֵP(gun)עD(zhun)?q)ĿgcԵĽ]ĻđB(ti)_]ԺͰ]տs1953ŗm(x)xķ@һ˺ġ(hu)xr(sh)ڡһ@15Ԓ^m(x)(jin)֬F(xin)ɾڿ(zhn)q(chung)ԼġSr(sh)ͬr(sh)ĺăr(ji)ֵ^ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)Ό(sh)xĻxB(qing)(zhn)廯Ġ(zhng)ՓЌ(du)ɵĈ(jin)ҲЌ(du)ɵķ(du)(wn)}ڣЩ`С廯ƫHĆxΌ(sh)xĻx_ĶġF(xin)@(g)(wn)}ڽ쿴(li)ѽ(jng)ʮ(li)ԒČW(xu)Ą(chung)(li)f(shu)һ_ʼȻڡ廯·ϵġһhW(yng)ٻ(li)cy(tng)Ļ(du)f֪֮HʹĄ(chung)ȡԒ@Nʽˇg(sh)Z(y)L(fng)ζԼƷ(ni)ЬF(xin)Ї(gu)еľҲo(w)Ї(gu)_(ti)ݳ(li)f(shu)1920tc(rn)ɺֵܵȺϺ_(ti)ݳ۠mʒ{ġA֮I(y)ʧf(shu)Ԓġ廯߀һ(g)ֵעĆ(wn)}Ԓô1924f(xi)(zh)(do)һλ۠mµġ̵ӡԭСصנ˵ӡ@ɹtf(shu)Ԓݳʽѽ(jng)ɹء廯30J(rn)Ї(gu)Ԓѽ(jng)ʲôгǏZ(y)Y(ji)(gu)\(yn)õƳ̶f(shu)Ҳ˼_(d)ˮ(zhn)f(shu)ѽ(jng)ɞصصЇ(gu)F(xin)һNʽһNӡһNΑB(ti)l(shu)f(shu)ܡĵЩԒ҇(gu)F(xin)Ľ(jng)أ(yng)ԓf(shu)30ĩԒ廯ѽ(jng)ˡF(xin)vȻԒų⣬@һ(g)R(sh)Եe(cu)`
1938_ʼġԒ廯ӑՓĻYԴ،F(xin)ĵ·ڴM(jn)Ԓİl(f)չзeOxˈ(jin)֬F(xin)_ҊL(fng)һéh˵ҊҲ¶ġF(xin)ĻxAصgصŵ䣩䌍(sh)挦(du)I(y)ѳЇ(gu)Ԓٴvvʲô廯ѽ(jng)һ(g)o(w)ķʧġRڡˆ(dng)Ȼǟo(w)ķʧ^Ї(gu)廯(li)ЃɷN_ŵĻđB(ti)cڷ]ĻđB(ti)ģǰǷeOOġ[14]ĻxٺcϵČx\ġx·ҪԒĬF(xin)صǰF(xin)ǰɵĘy(tng)еĹӰġ廯(sh)ζJָԡl(f)P(yng)¡Ӱĵȼ(j)qo(h)^ʽЇ(gu)ɫwF(xin)Ļr(ji)ֵ^϶(li)(c(din)̎xһ(y))
@(g)·ȥ˺(hu)ĬF(xin)ǧ⽨xĻ͕(hu)ڡ̖(ho)µm(x)(li)Ěvʷ(sh)C@һc(din)
1951_չӰӖ(xn)Ķ(zhng)(qun)ľΙ(qun)ݺݴĻȇ(gu)˼룬@A(y)ʾF(xin)ɾ(hu)ۺͷ(f)
(g)vʷġxY(ji)1953Զëɖ|P(gun)ˇ(wn)}ĵһ(g)Ҫʾζĸ_Ļ1963@10꣬ĆcF(xin)R(sh)(jng)v۶(f)s׃mȻr(sh)ð^wf(shu)Dzήsڇ(gu)h(qun)?q)c_(ti)˂Ȼذй(qun)ĽҕЇ(gu)ڬF(xin)ɾ(zhng)ĽY(ji)@һ(li)DŮ1953꣩һеɡR(sh)c^(gu)ȥġx(lin)ϵ@N(lin)ϵc(du)(qun)ĸힾooһԓŮ˹ġ@|(zh)ģһԼأ˺l(wi)(g)˪(d)ɵ{(dng)˄}ďġ@һI(lng)vɡ(g)ԣ?q)Ⱥ@һI(lng)ҪvΣ֮F(xin)wƟo(w)lؿ϶힕r(sh)ݲHf(shu)ˡҏ(qing){(dio)f(shu)LJ(gu)ҵˣԡ(gu)ҡx˵Ă(g)ԵķN@Ȼ@c`Ľ(gu)hI(lng)ġ힄(li)ģ醢֮ҪxġȺ(qun)硱Ї(gu)F(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ȱ˱_ʼ@¶(li)(dng)P(yng)(g)Եĕr(sh)(g)ˏСš(li)s䵽˲Ƽsć(gu)ҙ(qun)һԪ֮¡(yng)ԓf(shu)@xϵć(gu)ǡtotalitarianismֱgǡwxJ(rn)һ(g)ߟo(w)ϵwʹ@(g)ɵġw(qun)ͽoO(qun)x͂(g)xĽY(ji)ṩһNgڌ(do)(g)ԽʼO˵؉ւ(g)ԽK@ӵһNɵı[15]@ӵġɵıʹɡ^ˡֻʣһ(g) x䌍(sh)ǡܓP(yng)Փ(hu)x(wn)}r(sh)f(shu)I(lng)Į׃˼I(lng)Įǂ(g)ū܌W(xu)[16]S(gu)(w)εđݳͲ̶ͬȵ@Nɵı߉
^ġxģ19561957̕˼гF(xin)ġķNBֽˡķһđ˄߲Hٰь(du)ɡc(du)(qun)ĸ(lin)ϵ෴и(qun)ھI(lng)(wn)}(g)ܵijN֣ijNŤJ|ˬF(xin)(sh)һ(g)ѴڵδյĆ(wn)}˴µ̖(ho)硰w(hu)xhI(lng)(do)֮`еąsꐸķ⽨֮˽ԓǂ(g)F(tun)֧ίغMڡM(jn)ԒZ(y)ёͯУԸɣ۳顰Bҕ˽ԡMxֱZ(g)˵ɡ@ȻBڡr(sh)φ(wn)}ײPµ҇(gu)ġr(sh)(g)Խŵǘ[Ó(du)һNf(shu)ǂ(g)ߟo(w)ϵġw_ƾ`l(wi)Լ˸(yn)ڄDŽˣBֽˡ@dzMcF(xin)R(sh)ġײx50٬F(xin)1957ꡰɡ(zhng)ԺSһ⣬@ӵđ(dng)ȻDzR(sh)ΑB(ti)͘Oˇu(png)ݵ(li)SM(jn)\(yn)(dng)еһЩF(xin)ǷNߟo(w)ϵļ(qun)xcI(lng)µĿͿġ^hġP(gun)h䡷@ӵĺÑ(gu)˼1956-1957gγɵģ֮1958ʬF(xin)_(ti)ԭġǰ힄·ӣ߀(g)fr(sh)ıo(h)߄t˼o(j)ĻP(gun)hęC(j)(hu)1957֮ԣͬСtԺһͬh߀Сʮˮ(k)ٮ(dng)r(sh)Ļh(hun)¸ġSM(jn)څr(sh)(yng)֮ҵĴP1962ëɖ|(qing){(dio)A(j)(zhng)ҪvvvF(xin)@һ}đзF(xin)ăA硶һǧf(wn)ҪӛS֮ɎX힡SR(do)ݵġM(jn)Mַ·f(sh)侫(ni)tcЩޑo(w)@һ(g)ʹЩϲgԴˑ?yn)ҫSϡ^ڌ֮ʹµڱ@茑^(dng)(x)(ji)^挍(sh)đҲÓˡA(j)(zhng)Ӗ(xn)]·(sh)ҌСYa(chn)A(j)ġL(fng)ҕʹˉħ¶(du)F(xin)һNĪĿֺ֑ͳҕ@ǏġA(j)(zhng)ޡ@r(sh)ĸѽ(jng)Ǻ֮
19631977@ǵĂ(g)vʷ@ҲǬF(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ʷһ(g)˵ĕr(sh)l(shu)f(shu)ĸGЇ(gu)fy(tng)ʹˡɞ顰ˡĻx(li)f(shu)ĸ(jin)ֱ@һy(tng)˘Oͬr(sh)mȻڡKޡ̖(ho)·ŗ50K(lin)һ߅ķ(sh)|(zh)ǰЌ˹ֵĘO(qun)xO@һr(sh)ڣ֮һF(xin)R(sh)ȫȱf(shu)߀ЩSԵԒǴڵ¡ǷB(ti)еģġˌW(xu)λصĨHBKHĬF(xin)(sh)xy(tng)ҲGһ(du)˹̹˹˹УͱF(xin)@NGĽ^(du)@һ(li)F(xin)(sh)xġޑӰ@һr(sh)ڵĴ^1963ǂ(g)ζĸL(fng)(li)RҪʾëɖ|1964һ(g)Ҫʾ@ɂ(g)ʾˇg(sh)ĬF(xin)ëɖ|İ(du)cйo(w)Փ(du)T١A|ԒRȫ(gu)Rݡһ(g)(g)ġ¼䌍(sh)ȫ(gu)ĸһ·(bio)İ˂(g)Ӱ(li)ڡĸdzǵǡǡF(xin)֮(bio)־ԒsڡĸЎmȻĸԒҲһȱι߁(li)ʹsѾ顰(zhng)Ҫ@?yn)Ԓ@NF(xin)ʽc֪R(sh)cF(xin)ɾ(lin)ϵyԞδ(jng)ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)ġϴYֱӱ˵ġr(nng)ҲyԌʽ̓(ni)ݷ_(li)ȥǷN|(zh)⚤(chung)¡(ni)fġάF(xin)ԡ̖(ho)Q֡F(xin)ġӰ|(zh)⚤Ǹ߶ȬF(xin)Ҳf(shu)Ǹ߶ȡģ侫(ni)s϶һЩ⽨xĻϵĖ|Ty^Ѫy(tng)ՓhԼ(g)Ӣ۳ݵȵȣ(sh)|(zh)ǡŵxġǡF(xin)ġһλu(png)Ҍ(du)ŵxķHm҂ġӰָҪһZ(y)ƹŵx(ni)Ԓ҂(li)F(xin)һ؞F(xin)֡ŵxΌƵľͬķNNģʽ͗lҎ(gu)^(gu)ǣÁ(li)ƺ͉˵Ļܵľ@Щ|Q(hu)F(xin)κɛQֻһN(qing)˵[17]Ӱ̖(ho)QǡF(xin)(sh)xcxY(ji)ϡƷеġF(xin)(sh)nj(du)ԵŤ硶ۡеġA(j)(zhng)^롱tǿų↢ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)ԡаԒɱųԸ\(yn)֮F(xin)(dng)ȻQ(hu)oԡκɛQ족KֻǽoһN(qing)ӵľ`͉
197830҇(gu)F(xin)x\(yn)(dng)ʷĵ傀(g)@һǰ10ǾA10ǡƣܛе^(gu)xʷ S ܉E80ˏ(f)wġՏЇ(gu)˵Ļ۹ٶ⡱c(gu)H܉J(rn)ͬĻr(ji)ֵĹͬͨԣĻă(yu)ɹHһ(g)vʷĘӣf(shu)@ǻصġܾf(shu)@ǡǣ]ͣЇ(gu)M(jn)˸ĸ_ŵһȫ˼ʹĆcF(xin)R(sh)õ(f)KmȻɾ˷NNۺͷ(f)r(sh)M(jn)r(sh)ˣr(sh)[r(sh)@K߀ؽ(li)ˡ80Ї(gu)Ԓһ(g)ஔ(dng)x͵ĕr(sh)Ļ˞鱾ЌxߓP(yng)ĵĬF(xin)x1979֮ǰһˎ͡đS_(ti)AĻ(chng)s߀һס1979ԡġɳ~µȣ(bio)־l(f)һ(g)D(zhun)ġǽ¶(dng)r(sh)ʹġߺT֮L(fng)(sh)H|˼(qun)y(tng)²ܼsġ١co(w)(qun)֮ìҲ(qun)o(w)O(jin)@һ(g)eyʮеΆ(wn)}@һ(wn)}˽@F(xin)(sh)ԺͼJˣMܴ˄(li)ܹθԕ(hu)(li)韩80ĿwĻB(ti)(sh)cͬˡȻĸ_ŵIJѽ(jng)ֹͣô֧@һI(y)Ļr(ji)ֵ^cF(xin)R(sh)ͲһαƷ19801989@10Ї(gu)һlػ̽ǰM(jn)Ć֮·ڑľָČ(du)F(xin)(sh)(du)һз˵F(xin)ٵ(du)vʷĻ(wn)c˼g؞(du)Ե_͌(du)˵`̽c(wn)(yng)ԓf(shu)@10džԲؽcӏ(qing)ĶʹġõߓP(yng)10˼gˇg(sh)gõ˿ǰU(ku)Щ(yu)ㄡЇ(gu)ǷNeO_P(yng)ϵľֻ@r(sh)ŕ(hu)@ĬF(xin)ԡF(xin)ˡԾɞ鱾ġg(sh)F(xin)ˡھI(lng)ƽȡ(du)ԒἰġġԒСͬ?jin)ƣһ(g)ߌ(du)ߵL(wn)Vtϲ¡κȣ܇վн\ƣɣƺo(j)¡ӶƽȣġЬF(xin)(sh)ăr(ji)ֵ^Ļ(chng)(li)ԺͬF(xin)R(sh)(qing)ҵıF(xin)@ЩھϵĹͬc(din)ǣ˸һ(g)װġF(xin)ˡġˌW(xu)λ@л֏(f)30ܷخЩӳr(nng)(hu)Ԓ(li)cɣƺo(j)¡ؿЇ(gu)Ҍ(du)r(nng)r(nng)(wn)}İ_(d)ĆԵĸ߶Dz֮ڰԒʷ@10ġġxĻ\(yn)(dng)еĬF(xin)21o(j)Ї(gu)ƽl(f)չr(sh)xʮشf(shu)С̱xҲ^(gu)
90ԁ(li)ء|(zh)ԙ(qun)cXY(ji)ϞģĔDήsЈ(chng)(jng)(j)ĻM(jn)c(hu)wƸĸĜʹD(zhun)ڵĻy֮̓ףĻa(chn)Ʒƽӹ·80ߓP(yng)ġɾmȻ]ȫ(li)ѲôrǾ|(zh)⚤֮ʢw(ni)֮˥ đؑ^ʢ¡ԒwϹ@һZ(dng)һr(sh)^@һF(xin)Ĵ¡☋(gu)ɵЇ(gu)F(xin)ֳcW(xu)ɡ˄(sh)(li)(du)@ЩOF(xin)ƲӰµ_(ti)Ͱl(f)@һr(sh)ڣf(shu)ɘO˼̧^c(sh)đff(shu)һ(g)ƽӹr(sh)֮ˇg(sh)̈́(chung)ؚ(dng)Ȼ90ķɲͬǡܛԵġ׃ε[εʮ(dng)̽ǰM(jn)֮߀ڕr(sh)(qing)r(sh)ҫĄ(chung)ݳԒҦh(yun)t¡(chng)ΣwҫԼС(chng)h˼Ͼxȣ(c(din)̎xһ(y))
߀F(xin)xĻ·ߵwf(shu)(li)һ(g)ֻX͡(qun)]ˆɵ(mng)Ԋ(sh)(hu)ô(hu)Сɿgġأ90(sh)`Ј(jin)ֆɵĻ(chng)^(gu)ȥDyҲӱҪ
֮ԒSЇ(gu)(hu)^(gu)һ꣬dzһ(g)Ŀ(bio)F(xin)ǰM(jn)?yn)@(g)(hu)̎ښvʷĴжyԱۺͷ(f)һǡһ(g)݆ءһ(g)o(j)ǰl(f)c(din)ϵЩ(wn)}һ(g)µߵČᵽ҂ǰ@һ(li)ć(gu)ҬF(xin)ǰ;f(shu)СđF(xin)\(yn)f(shu)Ȼһ(g)h(yun)δɵĚvʷ΄(w)Ї(gu)Ćɮ(dng)Ȼвن(wn)}ͽӖ(xn)ֵ÷˼@Ƿ☋(gu)ɵɡɾI(y)һЩԒԽСɿgǑ֮ꡱԒ40qՕr(sh)hҪl(f)һΞлꡱ\(yn)(dng)(ni)(zhn)δ죬Ԓĕr(sh)҂?c)һκԒ(g)лꡱ
20061217ճ
2007321ӆͲS
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ϵ(hu)ƌW(xu)شn}P(gun)(xing)ĿF(xin)˼cЇ(gu)ČW(xu)AԳɹ֮һ
[1] []ߠϕr(sh)˵˼롷һg107(y)K1998
[2] ͬ187(y)
[3] []ER˾^F(xin)ԥg181(y)Ϻgij1996
[4] ѸĩeՄѸȫ1207(y)ČW(xu)1981
[5] ͬ3187(y)
[6] ?jin)?902Ąٻ҉(mng)f(shu)㿴ǰ(gu)·ʮĵĕr(sh)L(fng)ײǺͽЇ(gu)һӆ̝һ(g)˽иؠSСf(shu)һ(gu)ˏ˯(mng)І(li)ˡҊļȫʮؠ(gu)x˼ҡg̩
[7] R˼˹xһ273(y)1972
[8] @^(gu)˵F(xin)eū`B(ti)һ(g)(d)֮
eB(ti)һ(g)֮
eäĠB(ti)һ(g)X(g)Խȫ֮ˣ
eҕ˾鸸ĸϠ?sh)ijB(ti)һ(g)ںl(wi)(g)ƽș(qun)ĬF(xin)uQČW(xu)2004棬5(y)
[9] Ї(gu)ĄNԥ愡Խu(png)ȵقy(tng)W(xu)һԣ糪ʽһQ֮顰Ї(gu)
Ԓtˇg(sh)ΑB(ti)W(xu)ȫͬһNQ܌wϱNеһ(g)֔(jn)ڡ20o(j)Ї(gu)ĬF(xin)һf(shu)20o(j)ஔ(dng)NQеԒԽu(png)ȵȳP(gun)ע͚gӭĄN@@ȻǑW(xu)ϵһN
[10] ֔(jn)λ廯c20o(j)Ї(gu)Ϸĉ20015
[11] mO(sh)ČW(xu)Փmļ245(y)W(xu)1998
[12] Ї(gu)ČW(xu)ϵ(do)ԡ48(y)ϺшDӡˢ˾1935
[13] R˼˹x4474(y)1972
[14] ԔҊcr(sh)135142(y)ČW(xu)2004
[15] ؕ^m(x)з˼ɡϷĩ2006615
[16] ܓP(yng)P(gun)R˼xĎׂ(g)(wn)}̽ӑ?qng)?bo)1983316
[17] []ղءR(k)֮SСg151(y)Ӣ(gu)u(png)ҺղءF(xin)(sh)xһ֮VW(xu)2001
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